第74回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2025/2/28 Fri. 16:00-18:00
Place：ZOOM & Lounge of the Former Head Office of Forest Research Station
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Language: English
Speaker: Dr. Samuel R.P-J. Ross, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology
Graduate University, Japan
Title: Microphones, models, and mesocosms for understanding ecological
stability across scales
Abstract:
Understanding the biological processes that promote the invariable and
resilient ecosystem services on which humanity depends has been a core
focus of ecology for decades. Using randomly structured community models,
Robert May showed that diversity is destabilising, so what then explains
the vast biodiversity we observe in the real world? There have been many
enswers from different study systems, often resulting in the classical
ecological observation: “it depends”. To distil general understanding from
a sea of idiosyncrasy, we need to consider a variety of systems and scales.
Here, I present experiments using freshwater mesocosms (buckets), data
collected on typhoon disturbance in the field using passive acoustic monitoring
(microphones), and models of “response diversity” to describe patterns
and drivers of ecological stability across scales. I propose that systems
that exhibit a diversity of environmental responses across different organisms
(response diversity) or different sites (spatial insurance) should be more
stable. Finally, I introduce recent efforts to coordinate international
research on the drivers of stability through the nascent Response Diversity
Network.
第73回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/11/1 Fri. 16:45-17:45
Place：ZOOM & Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
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Language: English
Speaker: Dr. Caroline Plain, University of Lorraine, France
Title:
Abstract:
Methane (CH4) is one of the main greenhouse gases and is responsible for
around 20% of global warming (IPCC, 2022). Soils, and particularly upland
forest soils where an aerobic environment prevails, are one of the world's
main methane sinks (Dutaur and Verchot 2007). At the soil-atmosphere interface,
net methane efflux consists of a net balance between methane production
by methanogen archaea, mainly in the deep anoxic layers of the soil, and
consumption by methanotroph bacteria in the oxic soil horizons of methane
produced in the soil or diffusing from the atmosphere into the soil.
The presence of plants influences the physical characteristics of the soil (soil structure and texture, water content, etc.) as well as its chemical composition (availability of low-molecular-weight-C compounds, carbon content, pH, mineral nitrogen). All these parameters can impact the abundances and activities of methanotrophic and methanogenic communities in the soil profile and therefore affect methane fluxes.
To date, the influence of plants on methane fluxes has been studied mainly in wetlands or flooded soils where methane emissions are predominant. In this talk, I will present the impact that plants have on methane fluxes in well-aerated soils.
第72回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/11/1 Fri. 15:30-16:30
Place：ZOOM & Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
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Language: English
Speaker: Prof Ülo Niinemets, Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian
University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
Title: Global variation in within-canopy photosynthetic acclimation
Abstract
Extensive light gradients, typically 10- to 50-fold, are the most prominent
feature of plant canopies. These gradients are responsible for major within-canopy
variations in foliage structural, chemical and physiological traits. As
a key acclimation response to variation in light availability, foliage
photosynthetic capacity per area (A area ) increases with increasing light
availability within the canopy, maximizing whole canopy photosynthesis.
However, A area is a composite variable that can be deconvoluted into different
combinations of constituent traits, including structural traits (leaf dry
mass per unit area, M A ), chemical (nitrogen content per dry mass, N M
, and area, N A ) and physiological (photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency,
E N ; photosynthetic capacity per dry mass, A mass ). This presentation
analyses which traits most plastically acclimate to canopy light environment
and drive within-canopy photosynthetic gradients in different plant functional
types. This presentation further analyses temporal sources of variation
in within-canopy photosynthetic acclimation. The presentation highlights
that fast canopy-expanding species that grow in highly dynamic light environments,
actively modify A area by nitrogen reallocation among and partitioning
within leaves. In contrast, species with low rate of leaf turnover generally
exhibit a passive acclimation response with variation in A area primarily
determined by light-dependent modifications in leaf structure during leaf
growth. Due to limited reacclimation capacity in species with low leaf
turnover, within-canopy variation in A area decreased with increasing leaf
age in these species. This analysis concludes that the rate of leaf turnover
is the main determinant of how species acclimate to canopy light environment.
第71回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/7/26 Fri. 13:00-14:00
Place：ZOOM & Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W322
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Language: English
Speaker: Prof. Gerhard Zotz (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany / Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama)
Title: Deconstructing the term “epiphyte”
Abstract
Epiphytes are non-parasitic plants that establish, grow and reproduce on a living substrate, typically a tree, without contact with the soil throughout their life. While there is little doubt whether an individual plant is an epiphyte the characterization of a species as “epiphyte” is potentially problematic: conspecifics frequently differ in their substrate use, both at local and regional levels. A categorical approach of labelling species as “epiphytes” and “non-epiphytes” obscures important biological variability, which leads to potentially erroneous interpretations of ecological processes and evolutionary trends. A new approach applied to thousands of species shows that species are mostly not restricted to either epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial growth. In the light of these results, I propose a somewhat different use of the term “epiphyte”, and discuss the consequences of a less categorical concept of the term “epiphyte” for future ecological and evolutionary studies.
Keywords: C-S-R- theory, epiphytes, growth forms, intraspecific variability,
life forms
第70回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/7/10 Wed. 16:30-18:30
Place：ZOOM & Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W406
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Language: English
Speaker: Prof. Qing-Wei Wang, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, China
Title: Sunlight accelerates aboveground carbon loss across terrestrial ecosystems
Abstract:
Litter decomposition controls the turnover and release of organic carbon
(C), and largely determines the C balance dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems.
Typically, litter decomposition is thought of as a biological enzymatic
process mainly controlled by microorganisms. However, empirical models
always underestimate the variation in decay rates in global terrestrial
ecosystems. This implies that the models are importantly incomplete: other
abiotic drivers or fundamental mechanisms in nature also contribute to
this process. Sunlight is not only an essential energy source for photosynthetic
C fixation and productivity of terrestrial vegetation, but also can directly
or indirectly promote the decomposition of organic matter through photodegradation.
Photodegradation has been recently identified as an important driver controlling
the decay of litter in drylands, while its relative contribution to C loss
is not clear in mesic ecosystems. Furthermore, how photodegradation varies
from ecosystem, region to global scale is also uncertain. In this present,
I would like to report the advance of our recent research on photodegradation,
in order to make more discussion how terrestrial C and nutr
第69回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/7/2 Tue. 16:30-18:30
Place：ZOOM & Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W306
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Language: English
Speaker1: Dr. Yayoi Takeuchi (NIES, Japan), 16:30-17:00
Title: Introduction to the Bilateral Collaborative Research Using the Permanent
Sample Plots in Anap-Muput Forest Management Unit)
Speaker2: Ling Chea Yiing (Research Officer, Forest Department Sarawak,
Malaysia), 17:00-17:30
Title: Effects of Years After Logging on Tree Species Diversity and Wood
Density Class Abundance in Logged-over Forests of Sarawak
Speaker3: Bibian Diway (Executive Forester, Forest Department Sarawak,
Malaysia), 17:30-18:00
Title: Tree Biomass and Species diversity assessment in Sarawak : Land
use patterns and Forest Management Implication
Abstract:
The state of Sarawak, a leading state in Malaysia, is endowed with extensive
forest resources, accounting for approximately 60% of its land area. However,
a history of intensive logging has altered the forest structure, impacting
species composition and stem density. These changes necessitate a reassessment
of forest conditions and the projection of future volumes for sustainable
forest management, with a focus on timber stock, quality, and species diversity.
A collaborative research project between the Forest Department Sarawak
and NIES was initiated at the end of last year to develop a methodological
framework for forest structure analysis and volume modeling, leveraging
UAV-derived metrics combined with data from permanent sampling plots (PSPs).
This effort aligns with Sarawak's commitment to sustainable forest resource
management.
In this seminar, Yayoi Takeuchi will first explain the background of this collaborative project between Sarawak and Japan on sustainable forest management in Sarawak. Then, Ling Chea Yiing will present the status of species diversity and recovery in logged-over forests based on field observation, with a particular focus on wood density classes. Finally, Bibian Diway will present findings on biomass and species diversity across dominant land use types and discuss the roles of land use in terms of biomass and species diversity. These results demonstrate that logged-over forests have a significant contribution to species diversity and biomass, which could be included in management and conservation practices on a regional scale.
第68回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/6/3 Mon. 16:35-18:00
Place：ZOOM & Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W522
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Language: Japanese
Speaker：志水克人、森林総合研究所四国支所 Dr. Katsuto Shimizu, FFPRI, Japan
Title：衛星リモートセンシングを利用した森林撹乱とその要因の抽出
Abstract：人為的な森林撹乱は生態系サービスに影響を与えることから、森林撹乱の場所と時期、さらに要因を抽出することは森林管理において重要となる。近年の衛星リモートセンシング技術の発達とオープンデータ化により、これまで困難であった森林を対象とした長期かつ広域の森林撹乱抽出の解析が可能となっている。発表者はこれまで日本や東南アジアを対象として衛星リモートセンシングデータを利用した時系列解析によって、国全体の伐採箇所のマッピングなどの森林撹乱とその要因の抽出解析に取り組んできた。本発表では、森林撹乱抽出の研究手法と現在取り組んでいる研究課題を紹介し、衛星リモートセンシングデータを用いた広域モニタリングへの応用可能性について議論する。
第67回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/4/15 Mon. 15:30-18:00
Place：ZOOM & Former Head Office of Forest Research Station
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Language; English
Speaker1：Hans Cornelissen, Professor, Vrije University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Title：Embracing error and terror in ecological experiments
Abstract：When ecologists carry out ecological experiments, they tend to feel sad when the replicates (or plots) of certain treatments show large variance, making it hard to find significant differences between treatments. Ecologists tend to even panic when disasters happen in their experiments, for instance major damage due to fire, animals eating a lot of plant material in their plots or woodpeckers hacking into experimental logs for decomposition studies. In this talk I will give examples of how things that “go wrong” in ecological experiments, like large variance (“error”) or disasters (“terror”), can sometimes be good news, as long as we recognize their potential value. If we are open to turning problems into opportunities, the problems may sometimes turn out to be major selling points for publishing something novel in good journals. Also, by embracing error and terror in ecological experiments we may learn important aspects of how nature really works.
Speaker2： Jane Molofsky, Professor, Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont
Title：Predicting ecosystem consequences of invasive species from plant
traits
Abstract：Predicting which plant functional traits will lead to massive ecosystem
transformation is an important area of invasion biology. To date, there
have been two contrasting hypotheses: environmental filtering posits that
introduced species must share the same traits as the existing plant community
while the limiting similarity hypothesis suggests that they must have traits
that are different. In this talk I will propose a new theory that suggests
that for a plant species to establish in a plant community it must have
traits that are similar enough to the native community but to take over
the community the species trait profile must be at the edge of the existing
trait space (EoTS). I will illustrate EoTS hypothesis with specific examples
and discuss how evolutionary processes can create introduced plant species
at the edge of the plant community functional trait space.
第66回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2024/1/26 Fri. 16:30-18:00
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Place：Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W414 and ZOOM
Language：English
Speaker: Dr. Rocky Putra, Researcher, Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University,
Germany
Title: Metal, Metalloid and Metabolite (M3): Relevance of chemical ecology
for plant-environment interactions
Abstract:
Plants play a pivotal role as a main producer in the ecosystem. Intricate
interactions in the food webs are highly mediated by bio(chemistry), such
as metals, metalloids and metabolites (M 3 ), namely chemical ecology.
This colloquium will present novel insights into complex interactions among
plants and soils facilitated by the M 3 , as well as how such interactions
impacted aboveground plant-arthropod interactions. In the first 45 minutes,
the topic will be related to the functional role of the metalloid silicon
(Si) in leguminous plants (Fabaceae). This was a comprehensive study examining
the overlooked interactions between Si and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia)
in the root nodules of Medicago legumes from multiple experiments conducted
in the glasshouse and in the field. In one of the glasshouse studies, Si
supplementation significantly resulted in higher concentrations of nodule
(iso)flavonoid metabolites, which might play a role as Nod-gene inducers
and chemoattractants of rhizobia. In the last 25 minutes, the topic will
switch to metal(loid) hyperaccumulator plants, such as the cadmium (Cd)
and zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulator, Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae). Soil
amendments of Cd and Zn as well as supplementation of Si were found to
influence foliar concentrations of glucosinolates, typical specialised
metabolites of Brassicaceae, in different accessions of A. halleri. Finally,
the evidential raison d’etre of metal(loid) hyperaccumulation, which is
the elemental defence hypothesis, will be presented and then incorporated
into chemodiversity aspects to better understand the ecology and evolution
of metal(loid)- hyperaccumulating plants in the environment. This work
is anticipated to contribute to the emerging phytoremediation and/or phytomining
endeavours.
第65回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2023/6/15 Wed. 16:30-18:00
Place：Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W406 and ZOOM
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Language：English
Speaker: Dr. Rebecca Ostertag, Professor, University of Hawaii at Hilo,
USA
Title: Using plant functional traits to design forest restoration: an example
of hybrid ecosystem restoration in an invaded Hawaiian lowland wet forest
Abstract:
Plant functional recently have been suggested to be useful for restoration
planning. The Liko N? Pilina hybrid ecosystem experiment in Hilo, Hawaii,
USA employed functional traits to design and test the suitability of different
species combinations, using native and introduced (but non-invasive) species
to meet the objectives of increased carbon storage, native biodiversity
regeneration, and invasion resistance. In this case, restoration to a previous
reference condition was not feasible. After the first five years of their
development, we evaluated community-level outcomes related to nutrient
cycling: carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus via litterfall, litter decomposition,
outplant productivity, rates of invasion, and leaf litter arthropod species
composition. We found that regardless of treatment, the experimental communities
had low rates of nutrient cycling through litterfall relative to the invaded
forest. In addition, which treatment did "best" depends on the
metric being assessed. This seminar will include a discussion of how hybrid
ecosystems represent a paradigm shift, how potential metrics of belonging
within an ecosystem may be developed, and how new policies can support
these efforts. Although challenges remain, this study provides evidence
that functional trait-based restoration approaches to carefully select
species and to assess ecosystem functioning can achieve management goals.
第64回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2023/5/18 Wed. 13:30-15:00
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Place：ZOOM
Language：English
Speaker: Dr. Sarah V. Wyse (University of Canterbury)
Title: Forest ecology at the regeneration stage
Abstract:
The regeneration stage is arguably the most important stage in forest ecology,
as it underpins vegetation successions, drives community composition, and
is integral to both plant conservation and restoration, and to plant invasions.
In this talk I will highlight the role of the regeneration stage in forest
ecology using three case studies from my own work: kauri forest ecology,
ex situ plant conservation, and the issue of wilding conifers in New Zealand.
第63回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2023/4/12 Wed. 16:30-18:00
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Place：Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W306 and ZOOM
Language：English
Speaker: Dr. Maria Uriarte, Professor, Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University
Title: Synergistic effects of droughts and hurricanes on Puerto Rican forests
Abstract:
Tropical forests are in a state of flux due to altered natural disturbance regimes including droughts and hurricanes, but our understanding of the compound effects of disturbances on forest ecosystems is extremely limited. We examined the relationship between hurricane response (damage, mortality, and resilience) and four hydraulic traits of 13 dominant woody species in a wet tropical forest subject to periodic hurricanes. Species with high resistance to embolisms and higher hydraulic safety margins were more resistant to immediate hurricane mortality and breakage, whereas species with higher hurricane resilience (rapid post-hurricane growth) had high capacitance and P50 values and low HSMs. During 26-years of post-hurricane recovery, we found a decrease in community weighted mean values for traits associated with greater drought resistance (turgor loss point?leaf turgor loss point, Ψtlp , P50, HSM) and an increase in capacitance, which has been linked with lower drought resistance. Hurricane damage favors slow-growing, drought-resistant species while post-hurricane high resource conditions favor acquisitive, fast-growing but drought-vulnerable species, increasing forest productivity at the expense of drought resistance and leading to higher overall forest vulnerability to drought.
第62回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date：2023/4/5 Wed. 16:30-18:00
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Place：Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W214 and ZOOM
language：English
Speaker: Dr. Yadvinder Malhi, Professor of Ecosystem Science at Oxford University,
Title: The productivity, carbon dynamics and energetics of tropical forests: new insights from a global monitoring network
Abstract: Tropical forests show strong geographical variation in ecosystem
functions, but the role of climate, soils and biogeography in shaping these
patterns remains unclear. I show results from our studies across the tropics
as part of the GEM (Global Ecosystems Monitoring Network), exploring the
factors that contribute to geographical variation in productivity and carbon
cycling, their link to canopy traits and the possibility of mapping this
geographical variation using satellite remote sensing. I then explore a
case study along a logging gradient in Malaysian Borneo in more detail,
describing how nutrient and carbon cycling vary with logging intensity
and also what fraction of productivity ends up in birds and mammals. The
energy analysis finds some surprising results, suggesting that logged forests
can be more ecologically vibrant than expected and questioning the widespread
use of the concept of degradation.
Yadvinder Malhi is Professor of Ecosystem Science at Oxford University, Director of the Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery and President of the British Ecological Society.
講演者 ：オックスフォード大学生態系科学教授 ヤドヴィンダー・マルヒ博士
タイトル：熱帯林の生産性・炭素動態・エネルギー：グローバル・モニタリング・ネットワークから得られた新たな知見
要旨：熱帯林の生態系機能は地理的に大きく異なることが知られているが、これらの変異のパターンを形成する気候・土壌・生物地理学的要因の役割はまだ不明である。セミナーでは、GEM（グローバル・エコシステムズ・モニタリング・ネットワーク）の一環として熱帯地方で行われた研究の結果を紹介し、生産性と炭素循環の地理的変動に寄与する要因と樹冠特性との関連性、さらに、衛星リモートセンシングを用いてこの地理的変異をマッピングできる可能性について探る。次に、マレーシアのボルネオ島における伐採勾配に沿ったケーススタディについて詳しく検討し、伐採強度によって栄養と炭素循環がどのように変化するか、また生産性の何パーセントが鳥類や哺乳類に行き着くかを説明する。エネルギー分析から、伐採された森林は予想以上に生態学的に生き生きとした存在であるという驚くべき結果が得られており、これは劣化という概念が広く使われていることに疑問を投げかけるものである。
Yadvinder Malhi博士は、オックスフォード大学の生態系科学教授、Leverhulme Centre for Nature RecoveryのDirector、英国生態学会の会長を務めておられます。
第61回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Ddate：2022/11/25 Thr. 16:30-17:45
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https://kyoto-u-edu.zoom.us/
Place：Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W214 and ZOOM
Language：English
Speaker：Dr. Tovohery Rakotoson, Laboratory of RadioIsotope, University
of Antananarivo, Madagascar
Title: Addressing phosphorus deficiency in rice in sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major limiting factor for rice
production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Our study identified that the application
of organic materials such as rice straw and farmyard manure (FYM) increases
P availability through microbial-mediated reduction of iron (Fe) oxides
with subsequent solubilization of Fe-bound P in soils increasing P uptake
and biomass of rice. The use of isotope dilution technique confirmed that
FYM application enabled the use of otherwise insoluble P pools in soils
and enhanced P uptake of rice plants. The effect of FYM application against
P deficiency was also demonstrated on farmers' lowlands in Madagascar with
greater impact in soils with low pH and low carbon contents. The extensive
survey identified that the soil P fractions in the central highlands of
Madagascar are mostly insoluble forms bound to Fe and (aluminum) Al oxides.
These findings should promote the locally available organic resources to
more efficiently utilize insoluble P pools in soils and enhance lowland
rice production in the region. We also identified that a micro-dose of
NPK fertilizer applied to the nursery bed produced more vigorous seedlings,
resulting in higher grain yields and higher profitability compared to the
current farmers' fertilization practice for lowland rice production in
Madagascar. Our findings are relevant to integrated fertilization management
using locally available organic resources and small amounts of mineral
fertilizer to address the typical P-deficient soils in SSA and efficiently
increase the lowland rice production in the region.
FEFCO関連セミナー（JASTIP特別セミナー）
Date and Time: 2022/9/20 Tue. 16:00-17:00
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Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174 and ZOOM
Language: English
Speaker 1：Ms. Kusuma Rahmawati, Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research
and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
Title: Use of Stable Isotope Technique in Non-Detriment Findings (NDF) Document of Indonesian Agarwood
Speaker 2：Ms. Sinta Maharani, Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and
Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
Title: Study of Stable Isotope to Determine Parrots Diet Nutrition
第60回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2022/7/21 Thr. 16:00-17:30
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場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W420 and ZOOM
言語：日本語 Japanese
Speaker：小林勇太（東京大学 先端科学技術センター）
Yuta Kobayashi (The University of Tokyo)
Title: 知床の森を復活させる効果的な植林方法の検証
Identifying effective tree planting schemes to restore forest carbon and biodiversity in Shiretoko National Park, Japan
Abstract: 北海道の北東部に位置する知床半島では、全国からの寄付金を財源とした森林再生運動（100平方メートル運動の森・トラスト）が行われています。本研究では、効果的な森林再生手法の特定を目標に、周囲を天然林に囲まれた耕作放棄地をコンピュータ上に再現し、植栽密度と植栽種数を変化させた様々な植林シナリオ毎の森林回復過程を森林景観モデル（iLand）によって計算しました。その結果、炭素吸収量の回復は植栽密度の増加と共に早まり、生物多様性の回復は植栽密度の減少・植栽種数の増加と共に早まることがわかりました。また、生態系回復の軌道を著しく乱してしまう危険な植林方法が存在することも明らかとなりました。特に、単一種の高密度植栽は、生物多様性の回復を100年以上も遅らせる可能性があります。これらは森林の回復速度と施業費用にトレードオフの関係が存在することを示唆しており、合理的な植栽方法の特定には寄付者の意向を反映した便益と施業費用の比較が望まれます。発表では、この課題の解決にむけた次なる研究計画をあわせて紹介し、保全生態学分野における学際研究の重要性について議論します。
第59回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date: June 16, 2022, 9.30am-11:50am
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Place: Zoom & Graduate School of Agriculture Building, Room W502
Language: English
Program:
9:30-9:50 Dr. Dai Yamazaki (The University of Tokyo) "How Global-scale hydro-biogeochemistry modeling can be achieved?"
9:50-10:20 Dr. Etienne Fluet-Chouinard (ETH Zurich), "Constraining global atmospheric and lateral carbon fluxes from wetlands in the past and present"
10:20-10:30 Break
10:30-11:00 Dr. Avni Malhotra (University of Zurich) "Wetlands and climate change: getting to the root of peatland warming responses"
11:00-11:30 Dr. Jida Wang (Kansas State University) "How to better couple lake mass and color properties with watershed ecosystem and climate"
11:30-11:50 Discussion
第58回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 2022/1/20 Fri. 17:00-18:30
Place: Zoom meeting room google form for registration
Speaker: Dr. Miguel Berdugo, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Title：Thresholds in arid ecosystems: evidences and perspectives
Abstract: Drylands (areas where it rains less than 35% of what is evaporated)
are the vastest biome on Earth and host more than 2 billion people whose
livelihood strongly depends on the services provided by ecosystem that
they inhabit. Within these areas climate change will worsen water shortages,
increasing aridity experienced by these ecosystems. Of particular concern
is the fact that changes imposed by increasing aridity may occur abruptly
rather than gradually. Here I summarize the research done globally to unveil
whether abrupt changes in key ecosystem attributes and functions are common
in drylands and which ecosystem attributes are most affected by them. I
report: i) three aridity thresholds unchaining abrupt changes in different
attributes and functions of drylands as aridity increases in environmental
gradients, ii) that dynamics of ecosystem productivity are also predominantly
abrupt in drylands and match some of the thresholds announced and iii)
some mechanisms that may explain abrupt changes in drylands.
第57回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 2021/11/12 Fri. 15:00-16:30
Place: Lounge of the Former Head Office of Forest Research Station
Speaker: Dr. Rick Karban and Dr. Mika Huntzinger, University of California,
Davis, USA
Title: How to Do Ecology
Abstract:Grad school in ecology has many unwritten rules and expectations.
As students, we did not know what these rules were, and we both felt lost
and overwhelmed. This workshop is our attempt to make those rules clear
for you. This workshop will be interactive with discussions in small groups
and writing exercises. The “currency” in high school and undergrad is grades;
good grades allow you to get into a good graduate program. In grad school
the currency is different, and the new currency is research productivity,
measured as publications. This is what will allow you to take the next
steps to graduate and get a job that you may like. This new currency may
or may not align well with your own personal goals. It is useful to define
your goals so that you can develop a strategy to better accomplish them.
Ecologists use different approaches to answer research questions ? manipulative
experiments, quantitative observations, and models. These three approaches
have different strengths and limitations, and we will suggest the advantages
and disadvantages of each approach. Expect to leave with a clearer idea
of the strategy that you need to reach your goals and the approaches that
might best help you answer your research question.
第56回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 15 July 2021, 16:00-17:30
Place: Zoom meeting room google form for registration https://forms.gle/
Speaker: Dr. Kazuki Miyamoto (Senior Researcher, PhD, Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute)
Title: Ecology of tropical heath forests: an introduction
Abstract:
Tropical heath forests are a forest type found in nutrient-poor sandy soils called podzols, which are scattered throughout the tropical regions of the world. Although there are fewer tree species in heath forests than in other lowland tropical forests, there are some endemic species that are adapted to oligotrophic environments. The factors related to the occurrence of heath forests and the dynamics of the component tree species are still unknown, making them an attractive subject for researchers in the field of tropical forest ecology. On the other hand, heath forests are a fragile forest ecosystems and are threatened by climate change and human disturbance. In this presentation, I will review the characteristics and mechanisms of forming and maintaining heath forests based on previous literature. In addition, I will introduce the effects of El Nino drought on the dynamics of heath forests showing our forest dynamics monitoring studies in Borneo. To conclude this presentation, I would like to consider the conservation measures for heath forests.
第55回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 10 June 2021, 15:00-16:30
Place: Zoom meeting room google form for registration https://forms.gle/Lg8g69grznSv8mTv7
Speaker: Dr. Masae Ishihara, Kyoto University
Title: Interdiciprinary and transdisciplinary approach to protect and restore
degraded forest ecosystems from deer overgrazing
Abstract:
Deer overgrazing of understory vegetation has caused loss of biodiversity
and degradation of ecosystem functions, which became important issues in
many places worldwide. As the deer overgrazing continues, loss of recovery
ability of the ecosystem has been reported. This means that protection
or restoration become even more urgent but more difficult. Scientific understanding
and truly effective solutions are still limited.
Ashiu Forest Research Station of Kyoto University has been experiencing
deer overgrazing since late 1990. Various researches have been conducted,
which revealed that flora and fauna had degraded and both land and river
systems had changed. Researcher, Ashiu Forest Research Station and local
governments have been trying to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem
since 2006. However, ecosystem properties such as non-linearity and alternative
stable states make the conservation to be limited. In this talk, I will
review the current research findings, relate them to ecological theories,
and introduce an ongoing transdisciplinary project that tries to conserve
nature as well as local human communities.
第54回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 20 May 2021, 16:30-18:00
Place: Zoom meeting room google form for registration https://forms.gle/
Speaker: Dr. Po-Ju Ke, Princeton University, USA
Title: Predicting the effects of plant-soil microbe interactions on plant
community dynamics
Abstracts:
Reciprocal interactions between plants and soil microbes (i.e., plant-soil
feedback, PSF) are increasingly recognized as a process structuring plant
communities. However, as the impacts that soil microbes have on plants
vary greatly across different systems, it is challenging to integrate results
into a general predictive theory. Moreover, current theories assume simplified
microbial dynamics and constant interaction strength between plants and
soil microbes, overlooking the temporal complexity embedded within plant-soil
microbe interactions. In this talk, I will first show how we can use the
concepts of stabilizing (i.e., increasing species’ niche differences) and
equalizing (i.e., decreasing species’ competitive hierarchies) from modern
coexistence theory to contextualize the diverse effects of soil microbes
on plant coexistence. In the second part, I will focus on how the temporal
dimensions of PSF regulate the pathways through which soil microbes influence
plant competitive outcomes. Using a >20-year soil conditioning chronosequence,
I present evidence that soil microbial communities are progressively changing
as plants continue to condition the soil, and such turnover of soil microbes
translate into temporally varying PSF strength. With a patch occupancy
model, I further show that the conditioning and decay rates of PSF, as
well as the specific plant demographic transition affected by soil microbes,
predict whether soil microbes act primarily as stabilizing or equalizing
forces. Taken together, I demonstrate how we can work towards a framework
to better predict the outcomes of plant-soil microbe interactions in their
natural context.
第53回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 27 Feb 2020, 14:30-16:00
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S174
Speaker: Dr. Leena Finer, professor, Natural Resources Institute, Finland
Title: Demonstration of nature based solutions for promotion of good lake
water quality by forest management in boreal forest landscape
Abstracts:
Amount of precipitation and frequency of extreme rainfall events are projected
to increase in future. Abundant precipitation and rapid snow melt increase
the leaching of suspended solids and nutrients to surface waters from managed
boreal forests and have high negative impacts on surface water quality.
Nature Based Solutions (NBS) may provide means for tackling societal and
environmental challenges related to good water quality through ways inspired
and supported by nature. In the presentation I will introduce a new methodology
to implement NBS to mitigate the negative impacts of extreme weather events
and forest management practices on surface water quality. For the study
we have established a forest and water dominated open air laboratory (OAL)
in Lake Puruvesi catchment located in Eastern Finland. Lake Puruvesi is
one of the seven European OALs of OPERANDUM -project (Open-air laboRAtories
for Nature based solutions to Manage hydro-meteorological risks) received
funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme. At the OALs NBS are co-designed, co-developed and co-deployed
with scientists and local stakeholders. At Lake Puruvesi the designing
and development of NBS is assisted with science based modeling tools which
calculate nutrient and sediment loads under different climate change and
forest management scenarios. The NBS consist of a combination of forest
management options (e.g. continuous cover forestry) and water protection
structures (sedimentation ponds, constructed wetlands etc.). Modeling tools,
field monitoring and citizen-science approaches are used for studying the
efficacy of NBS for improving the water quality in Lake Puruvesi.
第52回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 20 Feb 2020, 15:00-16:00
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S174
Speaker: Md. Salim Azad, Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna
University, Bangladesh
Title:Stand structure and dynamics of mangrove forest in the Sundarbans,
Bangladesh
Abstracts:
The Sundarbans, the largest continuous mangrove forest in the world. The
study was conducted to explore the influences of cyclone on abundance,
species diversity and floristic composition; to assess regeneration dynamics
in the gaps and also to quantify litterfall release and to compare reproductive
phenophases of three mangrove species in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. The
study revealed that stand density accelerated in cyclone affected sites
than does floristic composition and species diversity. The study also revealed
that canopy gaps influenced regeneration in the study areas. The study
also revealed that annual reproductive litterfall mass was maximum in Heritiera
fomes followed by Bruguiera sexangula and Xylocarpus mekongensis. B. sexangula
produced reproductive organ throughout the year, whereas H. fomes and X.
mekongensis produced reproductive organ for a specific period. Reproductive
organs production was influenced by seasonal variability (monthly mean
rainfall and monthly maximum wind speed) rather than tree size and biomass
production.
第51回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 25 Nov 2019, 16:30-18:00
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S174
Speaker: Dr. Jose Manuel Vieira Fragoso, Professor, University of Brasilia, Brazil,
Title: Interactions Between Biodiversity and Indigenous Peoples Influence
Socio-ecological Sustainability in the Amazon
Abstracts:
Understanding pathways of environmental sustainability is a key priority
for conservation and development policies. There is evidence that in the
Amazon titled indigenous territories are more effective that protected
areas at preventing forest clearing, there is also evidence that as indigenous
peoples integrate with national socio-economies, they exert unsustainable
pressure on biodiversity. The 500 million indigenous peoples of the world
occupy 20% of the world's land surface. Field data and a spatially
explicit agent-based model representing human livelihoods, forest dynamics
and animal meta-populations revealed social-ecological systems were resilient
to internal changes, while introduction of external food resources eroded
environmental sustainability.
第50回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 29 May 2019, 15:00-16:00
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room W-514
Speaker: Wil de Jong, Professor, Center for Southeast Asian and Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University
Title: Forest ecosystem services, forest transition and forest restoration:
Linkages, overlaps and opportunities for integration
Abstracts:
Ecosystem services (ES), forest transition (FT) and forest restoration
(FR) are three conceptual approaches to understanding the interactions
between societies and forests. They each represent empirical processes,
forestry theoretical debates and two of them are part of the global environmental
governance regime. ES, FT and FR and are interlinked, but the linkages
between the three concepts are until today insufficiently understood, or
explored. Nor is the value and relevance of these linkages recognized for
policy opportunities, public administration and management interventions.
The lecture will provide brief introductions to ES, FT and FR, identify
overlaps and linkages and reflect on implications for research and forestry
practice.
第49回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 28 March 2019, (Part 1) 14:30-15:30, (Part 2) 16:00-17:30
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S-174
Speaker: Dr. Christoforos Pappas, Departement de geographie, Universite
de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
Title: Hydraulic traits plasticity of boreal tree species along a latitudinal
climate and permafrost gradient in northwestern North America
Abstracts:
Boreal forests cover about one third of the world’s forested area and undergo rapid changes in composition, structure, and function in response to environmental changes. Here we investigated the inter- and intra-specific variability and plasticity of boreal tree hydraulic traits along a 2000-km latitudinal climate and permafrost gradient. The study area is located in northwestern Canada and includes forests with no permafrost, over isolated, sporadic and discontinuous, to continuous permafrost, spanning from the southern- to the northern edge of the boreal forest ecozone. Focusing on the region’s dominating boreal tree species, namely, black spruce (Picea mariana) and larch (Larix laricina), we monitored growing-season sap flow of ~200 individuals. Sap flow data were used to characterize crown-level water conductance and were combined with leaf-level measurements of stomatal conductance to water for selected individuals across the study domain. By jointly analyzing crown- and leaf-level water use strategies, together with the prevailing environmental and micrometeorological conditions along the gradient, we were able to provide a detailed quantification of black spruce and larch inter- and intra-specific hydraulic trait variability across and within sites. Moreover, species-specific water use strategies were revealed and associated with tree morphological and architectural characteristics across sites. This analysis allowed us to obtain a better understanding of boreal forest functional trait plasticity and resilience to the ongoing environmental changes.
(Part 2)
Speaker: Dr. Sunshine Autumn Van Bael, Tulane University
Title: Endophytes: Cryptic diversity inside of plants
Abstracts:
Endophytes are bacteria and fungi that live inside of plant tissues, including
roots, stems, leaves and seeds. Their diversity is stunning, and culturing
and next-generating sequencing are techniques that allow a closer examination
of community patterns. In this presentation, patterns of interaction between
endophytes, plants, insects, and environmental stressors will be explored.
The research overview will include work in tropical forests, agroecosystems
and coastal communities, with an emphasis on how endophyte research may
lead to solutions for biological control and bioremediation.
第48回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 24 January 2019, 13:30-15:30
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S-174
Speaker: Dr. Molly Cavaleri, School of Forest Resources and Environmental
Science, Michigan Technological University
Title: Above, below, and in-between: How plant-soil interactions both respond
to and help dictate lowland tropical forest responses to warming
Abstracts:
Due to the enormous amount of carbon, water, and energy tropical forests
exchange with the atmosphere, there is substantial interest in refining
our understanding of how these forests will respond to environmental changes
such as a warming climate. While a high level of biodiversity suggests
the potential for ecosystem-level resilience to increasing temperature,
the data that do exist suggest that lowland tropical forests may indeed
be quite sensitive to even subtle changes in temperature due to (1) already
warm temperatures and (2) organisms that evolved and developed with low
diurnal, seasonal, and interannual temperature variation. Here I will describe
a novel lowland tropical forest warming experiment in Puerto Rico: Tropical
Responses to Altered Climate Experiment (TRACE). We use infrared warming
lamps to heat understory plants and soils, as well as canopy warming infrastructure,
to explore the relationships between temperature, plant physiology, soil
respiration and fertility, and the biogeochemical exchanges that connect
these ecosystem components. We found that tropical forest plants and soils
were quite responsive to changes in temperature, and that multiple carbon
pools and fluxes were affected. Both photosynthesis and root respiration
were quickly affected by the warming treatments, as was the availability
of soil nutrients. In this talk, I will synthesize our current understanding
of the patterns and implications we’ve observed in the first year of warming
for this unique tropical forest field experiment.
第47回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 21 December 2018, 13:00-15:00
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S-174
Speaker: Dr. Karen A. Kainer and Dr. Jonathan Dain, University of Florid,
Center for Latin American Studies and School of Forest Resources and Conservation,
Gainesville, FL, USA
Titles:
（Part１）From exploitation to management: A review of the context, life history and potential pathways to sustain and increase Brazil nut production
（Part ２） An Introduction to Conflict Management for Conservation
Abstracts:
(Part 1) In the last three decades, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) has
emerged as a cornerstone species for Amazonia. This has gone hand-in-hand
with the creation of sustainable use reserves, whereby traditional forest
residents are assigned legal responsibility for co-management of these
reserves and their resources, including Brazil nut. The essential role
of this species in conservation and local livelihoods has precipitated
a shift from general exploitation to more conscious, intensive management.
Drawing heavily on our more than 25 years of research in the Brazilian
state of Acre and the larger body of B. excelsa research across the Amazon
basin, we ask: (1) Are Brazil nut harvests sustainable in terms of fruit
production patterns and resilience to nut (seed) collection? (2) In what
ways might production be augmented and nut quality enhanced? The growing
knowledge base and diverse management interventions examined help promote
Brazil nut sustainability and maintain its critical role in conserving
Amazonian forests.
(Part 2) Conservation work involves a challenging mix of multiple and competing actors, complex issues and constantly changing conditions. Serious disagreements among stakeholders can derail even the best of projects, yet most professionals in the field have little to no training in conflict management. Whether disputes are over land use, endangered species or other topics of concern, sustainable solutions to vexing problems require effective strategies for engaging people and bridging differences. Conflict can be draining and destructive, but it also offers opportunities for new ideas and creative problem solving.
第46回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 22 November 2018, 14:00-16:00
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room S-174
Speaker: Dr. Stacey Halpern, Professor, Pacific University, Fulbright Scholar,
Kyoto and Hokkaido Universities
Title:
Insect herbivore effects on population dynamics of the clonal weed Solanum carolinense
Abstract:
Understanding what determines population size and how it changes over time
is a central question in basic plant ecology. It also has important conservation
applications to both threatened and invasive species. This project asks
whether insect herbivore effects on individual plant fitness also influence
plant population dynamics. Herbivores may affect plant populations by altering
the population growth rate (λ), a density-independent measure. They may
also affect population regulation by changing patterns of density dependence
in the plant population. Assessing herbivore effects on density dependence
is required to determine whether herbivores affect the equilibrium population
size of a plant, a key assumption of biological control efforts and the
enemy release hypothesis. We tested the effects of herbivores on population
dynamics over four years using experimental populations of
第45回森林生態系機能コロキウム
Date & Time: 15 November 2018, 13:00-14:20
Place: Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, Room N-283
Speaker: Dr. Eric Hobbie, Research Professor, University of New Hampshire
Title:
Insights into ecosystem functioning from global databases of plants, fungi,
and soils
Abstract:
Global data sets of ecosystem parameters are increasingly common and their
analysis has produced numerous insights into what controls ecosystem function
across broad gradients of climate and vegetation. Here, we compared datasets
of nitrogen isotopes and concentrations in plants (~40,000 measurements),
soils (~1500 measurements), and fungi (~1000 measurements) to examine whether
these ecosystem components respond to similar factors. Climate (mean annual
precipitation and temperature) was a primary driver of plant nitrogen isotopes
whereas mycorrhizal type and nitrogen-fixing ability were primary drivers
of plant nitrogen concentrations. Responses to temperature and year had
significant non-linear responses. Location (continent) and its interaction
with other parameters were also important factors for both nitrogen concentrations
and isotopes. Continents integrate numerous processes that may not be directly
included in data bases, including weathering patterns, plant evolution,
glaciation history, and nitrogen deposition, and we discuss the likelihood
of plants, fungi, and soils reflecting those processes. In large databases,
numerous parameters and their interactions may be statistically significant,
and we therefore discuss some of the pitfalls in such analyses, but also
how such analyses can generate useful hypotheses for mechanistic or site-specific
studies..
第44回森林生態系機能コロキウム
When : Friday, 24 August 2018, 10:30-12:00
Where : Faculty of Agriculture Building Room S-174
Language：English
Speaker: Dr. Yi-Ching Lin, Associate Professor, Tunghai University, Taiwan
Title:
Cascading herbivory effects of Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus) on a tropical karst forest
Abstract:
Species diversity and ecosystem functions are closely linked. Alterations
in species diversity may result in modifications in ecosystem functions.
As increasing deer populations reduced plant diversity in many forest ecosystems
worldwide, deer herbivory may also alter ecosystem functions. In this study,
we studied cascading effects of deer herbivory on plant-litter-soil interactions
and examined whether deer herbivory led to homogenization of forest communities.
This study was carried out in the Kenting Karst Forest, Taiwan. Fifteen
deer exclosures were established adjacent to the Kenting Forest Dynamics
Plot, a 10 ha permanent plot. During January, 2015 to October, 2017, every
woody seedling taller than10 cm within the deer exclosures and adjacent
control plots were tagged, mapped and identified to species at a three-month
interval. Four functional traits, including leaf thickness, specific leaf
area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and photosynthetic capacity,
were used to estimate functional diversity. Litter and soil samples were
collected during July 2017 - April 2018. Our result indicated that species
diversity of woody plots in the exclosure plots were significantly higher
than control plots. Species-specific recruitment and survival were found.
Despite the decrease in species diversity, functional diversity of woody
plants and soil microorganisms did not differ significantly between the
exclosure and control plots. Meanwhile, more litters were collected in
the deer exclosures. In conclusion, deer herbivory result in a decrease
in species diversity, but did not alter functional diversity of plants
or soils during the 3 year interval. Long-term monitoring on ecosystem
functions may be important. This study suggested that appropriate protection
of palatable species was necessary for the conservation of species diversity
in the Nature Reserve.
第43回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2018/8/6 Mon. 10:30-12:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker & Title：
Dr. Nophea Sasaki (Associate Professor at Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand)
“Identification of the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation”
Mr. Sereyrotha Ken (Country Director, WCS, Cambodia)
"Roles of Enforcement and Forest Patrolling for Reducing the Drivers
of Deforestation and Forest Degradation"
Abstract:
Although many signatory countries to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change have fulfilled the Warsaw Framework for REDD+, there
is little discussion of how drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
can be identified and how these drivers can be reduced. If drivers can
not be reduced, carbon emission reductions can not be achieved and therefore
no performance-based payment can be made. This special seminar will invite
two REDD+ experts to share their experiences in REDD+ project development
in Cambodia, and how drivers and REDD+ activities for reducing the drivers
are identified.
第42回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2018/5/18 Fri. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker：Dr. William Cornwell (University of New South Wales, Australia)
Title: Controls on functional diversity in plant communities
Abstract:
There is a wide consensus that functional diversity is crucial for ecosystem
processes, but the controls on functional diversity are poorly understood.
In this talk I will outline what we know about functional diversity from
studies of community assembly, highlighting my own work on California woody
plant communities. In California across a gradient from mesic to xeric
systems, trends in trait means with the environment were due largely to
species turnover, with intraspecific shifts playing a smaller role. Traits
associated with a vertical partitioning of light showed a greater range
and variance on the wet soils, while nitrogen per area, which is associated
with water use efficiency, showed a greater spread on the dry soils. I
will discuss challenges in moving from observations to a more general model
for controls on functional diversity..
第41回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/12/21 Thr. 15:30-17:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker：Dr. Wakana AZUMA (Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ.) 東若菜（京都大学農学研究科）
Title: Hydraulic adaptation against height in tall trees 高木の水分生理学的適応様式の解明
Abstract:
As trees grow tall, it is thought that a chronic water stress occur at the treetop due to physically difficult to transport water from the root to leaves. So, how do tall trees maintain life activities at the treetop? I have been conducting research with the hypothesis that tall trees have acquired an adaptive mechanism to overcome the theoretical hydraulic limitation presumed from the height. To understand the actual situation and adaptation strategy of water stress in tall trees, I try to approach unifiedly from a multi-perspective not only conventional physiological methods but also using anatomy and physicochemical method. In this presentation, I will show some hydraulic adaptation strategy of tall trees in relation to water storage, focusing on my research in Japanese cedar and cypress published at the recent special issue of “canopy ecophysiology" in Tree physiology, and on my ongoing research in emergent tree of Dipterocarpaceae in tropical forest in Peninsular Malaysia.
樹木は高木になるほど根から梢端までの水輸送が物理的に困難となり、梢端部は慢性的な水不足に陥りやすいと考えられてきた。それでは、高木は梢端における生命活動をどのように維持しているのだろうか。演者は、高木が高さから推測される理論的な水分制限を克服する適応的なメカニズムを獲得しているとの仮説をたて研究を進めてきた。高木の新たな生理生態学的知見を得るためには、従来の樹木生理学的手法にとどまらず多角的な視点から統一的に理解する必要があると考え、生理学・解剖学・物理化学手法を用いてアプローチし、高木における水ストレスの実態と適応戦略に迫りたいと考えている。本発表では、最近Tree physiology誌の特集号“Canopy ecophysiology”で発表した日本の高木スギおよびヒノキにおける研究、また現在半島マレーシアで行っている熱帯の突出木であるフタバガキ科における研究を中心に、貯水性に着目した高木の水分生理学的適応戦略について紹介する。
第40回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/9/28 Thr. 11:00-12:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：日本語 Japanese (with English ppt)
Speaker：小八重善裕（農研機構 北海道農業研究センター）
Dr. Yoshihiro KOBAE (National Agriculture and Food Research Center)
Title: アーバスキュラー菌根共生の基礎と応用
Biological basis of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and its agricultural
utilization
Abstract: 食料の供給源である植物の大部分はアーバスキュラー菌根菌（
Many of plant species are colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
in the roots. Through this symbiosis, plants achieve its improvement of
nutrition, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and increase productivity.
However, some enigmatic phenomenon, such as an extremely short life span
(only a few days of intracellular colonization), co-colonization of multiple
different AMF within roots, and the genetic heterogeneity within each AMF,
have delayed the progress of this research. We have developed a live imaging
of mycorrhizal symbiosis in soil for the first time, and have elucidated
the cell dynamics and developmental mechanism of mycorrhizas. Furthermore,
we have recently developed a novel method to analyze the genetic information
of each AMF in roots. In this seminar, I would like to introduce the basic
knowledge of AM symbiosis at the cellular level and our research strategies
to utilize this symbiosis in agriculture.
第39回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/6/6 Tue. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker：Dr. John Innes and Dr. Guangyu Wang (Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, Canada)
Title: UBC Forestry and Its International Engagement: Adaptation of Asia-Pacific
Forests to Climate Change
Abstract:Climate change is an immense threat to the stability and productivity
of forest ecosystems in the Asia-Pacific region. Potential changes to or
loss of forests will have drastic environmental impacts on biodiversity,
ecosystem function and resilience, as well as immense socio-economic impacts
on people and economies dependent on forest resources and ecosystem services.
Despite their importance, there is a lack of information and tools focused
on Asia-Pacific ecosystems and economies, which are necessary to understand
the potential effects of climate change and develop regionally-specific
adaptation and mitigation strategies. To address the lack of knowledge
and tools and to increase the adaptive capacity of Asia-Pacific forest
ecosystems, UBC Faculty of Forestry has developed: 1) a high-resolution
climate model (ClimateAP), applicable to any location in the region; 2)
ecological models to project how climate change will affect suitable climatic
conditions, regeneration, and productivity of forest tree species; 3) tools
to assess the most effective local management strategy based on management
objectives and projected impacts of climate change. The research has been
partnering with six key universities, four government agencies and a dozen
of local pilot sites in AP region over the last seven years, published
more than 20 peer-reviewed articles.
第38回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/6/1 Thu. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：日本語 Japanese
Speaker：梅村光敏（森林総研・関西支所), Dr. M. Umemura（FFPRI, Kansai, Japan)
Title: 元素動態からとらえるモウソウチク林の生態系
Dynamics?of nutritional elements in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests
Abstract：近年、日本各地の里山において、
第37回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/4/19 Wed. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker：Wilfried Konrad, Department of Geosciences, University of Tubingen,
Germany?/Technical University of Dresden, Institute of Botany, Germany
Title: Plants in arid environments - and how they may benefit from fog
and dew collection
Abstract: Since plants invaded the land they achieved an ever expanding
repertoire of techniques that allowed them to colonise increasingly arid
environments. One of these developments led certain plant species to exploit
fog and dew water as supplement or even as complete replacement for soil
water.?
In this talk, some aspects of the interaction between plant leaves and water are outlined and applied to two species: One of them, Stipagrostis sabulicola, the Bushman grass of the Namib desert satisfies its water demand exclusively from fog and dew, and it is well investigated. For the other one, the Hawaiian endemic plant Metrosideros polymorpha, a more speculative mechanism of the utilisation of fog and dew water is presented.?
第36回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/3/20 Mon. 13:00-16:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speakes：
S. Joseph Wright, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
- The knowledge base for plants and soils in central Panama
I-Fang Sun, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
- Research opportunities in Taiwan Forest Dynamics Plots
Yu-Yun Chen, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
- Monitoring of seed fall and seedling regeneration in Pasoh, Peninsula Malaysia (tentative)
Uromi Goodale, Guangxi University, China
- New research initiatives in Guangxi Province, China (tentative)
Yoshiko Kosugi, Kyoto University, Japan
- Long-term climate and CO2 flux monitoring in Pasoh
Collaboration opportunities in phenology and other research topics at long-term
forest research sites in the tropics. This special FEFCO features several
researchers from the US, Taiwan, China and Japan who have been conducting
long-term monitoring of phenology and climate at long-term forest research
site. Each speaker will give a 15 min overview of his/her research projects,
as well as possible internship and research collaboration opportunities.
These will be followed by interactive discussion. For questions, please
contact Kaoru KITAJIMA (kitajimak@me.com)
第35回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/2/27 Thr. 16:00-18:30
場所：旧演習林事務室 会議室 Former Head Office of Forest Research Station, Meeting room
言語：英語 English
Speaker :
1. Dr. Pedro Rodriguez-Veiga (CLCR, University of Leicester)
Title:Earth Observation of Forests by the Centre for Landscape and Climate
Research (CLCR) ?University of Leicester and ESA GlobBiomassproject
2. Dr. Marc Padilla-Parellada (CLCR, University of Leicester)
Title: Daily mapping of forest fires at global scale and its validation.
3. Mr. Valentin Louis (CLCR, University of Leicester)
Title: Analysis of forest-plantation dynamics using multi-sensor and multi-temporal
remotely sensed data in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
＊We will have small party after seminar, everybody is welcome !
Abstract: The CLCR at the University of Leicester is a Research Centre
of Excellence created in 2011 and specialisingin Earth Observation of ecosystem
services. The centreis part of the UK’s National Centre for Earth Observation
(NCEO), which provides the UK’s Natural Environment Research Council with
national capability in Earth observation science. The CLCR undertakes interdisciplinary
research into how human land use and climate change affect ecosystems using
Earth observation data. In recent years, the centrehas also been involved
in several official development assistance (ODA) projects from the UK government
aimed to improve forest monitoring. We develop and deploy products and
services derived from satellite enabled data to address the practical challenges
of environmental management -as faced by global agencies and national states.
The focus is addressing the monitoring and management of forests to stabilisethe
world’s climate and protect biodiversity. This presentation will include
examples of CLCR research projects focused on Earth Observation of Forests.
Our research uses space, airborne and terrestrial platforms with passive
and active sensors to tacklethe detection of forest disturbances (logging,
degradation, fires, etc), the estimation of carbon stocks, and the assessment
of forest health and forest structure. see the detail: http://www2.le.ac.uk/colleges/scieng/research/centres/clcr?uol_r=e4cc66eb
第34回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2017/1/19 Thr. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker : Dr. Daniel Epron, University of Lorraine
Title :Emulate nature: agroecologyapplied to intensive forest plantations
Abstract :Intensive forest plantations (monospecific, regular spacing,
even age) lack most of key elements accounting for the resiliency of natural
forests. The introduction of nitrogen-fixing tree (NFT) in fast growing
tree plantations is a sustainable management option aiming to reduce the
risk of nitrogen deficiency due to a large and frequent exportation of
nutrients at harvest. Facilitation, defined as the positive influence of
one species on the growth of another, is expected if N is limiting growth
and if atmospheric N2fixation by NFT increases nitrogen availability. Moreover,
two species in a mixed plantation may exploit a limiting resource more
efficiently than either of them in a monoculture, reducing competition.
In this talk, I will synthesize results we have obtained on mixed-species
plantations of Eucalyptus urophylla×grandisand Acacia mangiumon nutrient-poor
soils of the coastal Congolese plains.
第33回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2016/10/11 Tue. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker : Dr. Douglas Godbold, オーストリア自然資源生命科学大学（BOKU）
Title :The role of above and below ground diversity on ecosystem function
of forests
Abstract : As a consequence of land-use change and the burning of fossil
fuels, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing which directly
affects the carbon cycling in forests but also affects the climate. One
of the consequences of climate change in Europe is an increase in long
drought periods. The majority of investigations of elevated atmospheric
CO2 and drought have been carried out on single tree species, however natural
forests are often composed of intimate mixtures of tree species. Roots
and ectomycorrhizas play and important role in forest response to environmental
change. This talk will address above- and belowground responses to elevated
atmospheric CO2 and drought in relation to tree biodiversity, and also
the potential ecosystem function of roots and ectomycorrhizas.
第32回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2016/9/27 Tue. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker : Dr. Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Professor, University of Minnesota
Title :Evolutionary legacies on ecosystems: implications for managing Planet
Earth in the Anthropocene
Abstract:The Earth’s biodiversity is undergoing unprecedented changes and
extinction in the Anthropocene with fundamental consequences for human
well-being. What steps would we take if wanted to manage Planet Earth intentionally
for sustainability in this era of global change? The challenge before us
requires integration of human dimensions with 1) solid understanding of
ecological and evolutionary processes that can guide ecosystem restoration
and management and 2) vigilant tracking of ecosystems and biodiversity
at the global scale. In this talk, I discuss several insights from the
perspective of an evolutionary ecologist relevant to managing planet Earth
for sustainability. These include: 1) the contrasting nature of human perspectives
for managing trade-offs in ecosystem services, 2) the consequences of past
evolutionary and biogeographic processes (evolutionary legacy effects)
for community assembly and ecosystem function, and 3) the use of hyperspectral
remote sensing methods integrated with in situ measures of biodiversity
and ecosystems to monitor changes in our life support systems. My goal
is to consider how the work we do as natural scientists can contribute
to the larger dialogue.
第31回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2016/6/30 Thr. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker : Dr. Yu Mingjian (浙江大学 College of Life Sciences & Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang University)
Title :Forest biodiversity and its response to disturbance in East China
Abstract: China alone possesses ~2.5 million km 2 in the subtropical zone.
The subtropical broad-leaved forest (SBLF) developed under the monsoon
climate is a major type of forests in the world, and the zonal vegetation
is evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBLF). Natural and anthropogenic disturbances
also drive community assembly and biodiversity maintenance of forests in
this region.
In 2005, I and my collaborators established a 24-ha primary EBLF dynamics
plot in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, and conducted two recensus
in 2010 and 2015. Based on analyses of the dataset of this plot, we found
that dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity jointly explained the
species-area relationships of woody plants, and we further found that species
clustering spatial distribution patterns were shaped by both habitat heterogeneity
and other clustering processes (e.g., dispersal limitation). The clustering
level of phylogenetic community structure increased with tree life stages
in the plot, while forest gap disturbance altered seedling phylogenetic
community composition but not structure.
Habitat fragmentation is one of the main anthropogenic disturbances threating
biodiversity. We have been conducting habitat fragmentation effect research
on land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake ? a man-made reservoir
with over 1000 islands formed in 1959. We investigated plant richness on
156 islands during 2007-2008 and using forest dynamics plots to monitor
plant community dynamics on 29 islands in 2009-2010 and 2014-2015. We found
that island area but not isolation played the dominant role in forming
species richness on TIL’s islands, and habitat diversity were more important
than area per se in shaping community composition. The factors driving
community assembly processes differed between life stage transitions. The
variation in α-diversity, not spatial turnover, drove the variation in
β-diversity on the 29 islands, and environmental filtering and differing
responses of plant functional types were the underlying driving mechanisms..
第30回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2016/2/24 Wed. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
Speaker : Shinya Sugita (Tallinn University, Estonia)
Kari Hjelle (University of Bergen, Norway)
Title : Impacts of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on vegetation
in northern Europe: a new quantitative approach in palaeoecology
Abstract : Long-term regime changes in natural and anthropogenic disturbances
have affected vegetation and land-cover dynamics in Europe, Asia and elsewhere
in the late Holocene. This talk summarizes a recent development in European
palaeoecology, emphasizing the importance of quantitative reconstruction
of human impacts on the past vegetation and implications for plant ecology,
archaeology and nature conservations in northwestern Europe. The first
part of the talk by Sugita briefly describes a framework of quantitative
reconstruction of vegetation using fossil pollen (Landscape Reconstruction
Algorithm - LRA) and its applications in western Europe. The second part
by Hjelle summarizes small-scale spatial and temporal vegetation patterns
caused by human activity by examples from Norway and the potential of applying
LRA to understand relationships between people and nature through time.
第29回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2016/1/28 Thu. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：日本語 Japanese
講演者：広瀬忠樹 (東北大学名誉教授)
Speaker : Dr. Tadaki Hirose, Professor emeritus of Tohoku Unviersity
タイトル：アーキテクチャ、葉群動態、窒素利用効率
要旨：:植物は環境に応答して、かたちを変える。
(1) Watari R, Nagashima H, Hirose T (2014) Stem extension and mechanical stability of Xanthium canadense grown in an open or in a dense stand. Annals of Botany 114: 179-190
(2) Ogawa T, Oikawa S, Hirose T (2015) Leaf dynamics in growth and reproduction of Xanthium canadense as influenced by stand density. Annals of Botany 116: 807-819
(3) Ogawa T, Oikawa S, Hirose T (2016) Nitrogen-utilization efficiency in rice: an analysis at leaf, shoot, and whole-plant level. Plant and Soil (submitted)
第28回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2016/1/22 Fri. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W506
言 講演者 Speaker：Dr. Amy Zanne, Associate Professor, Department of Biological
Sciences, G語：英語 English
eorge Washington University
タイトル Title: "A deteriorating state of affairs: Tales of wood rot from
around the world”
要旨 Abstract: Woody plants are the largest aboveground terrestrial biotic store of C.
Once trees die, this carbon is eventually released back to the atmosphere
as greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4. To date, the slow turnover carbon
pool in deadwood is poorly understood from field studies and poorly parameterized
in global models. Carbon however is lost from deadwood via several pathways.
Fungi are the main decay agent around the world but insects, especially
termites, become relevant in many tropical locations. In today's talk,
I will present on several field projects I have been working on from tropical
and temperate locations around the world. In this work, I have been linking
how the location where rot happens and the physical and chemical construction
of wood influences the rates and forms that carbon is released back to
the atmosphere. Additionally, I have been examining interactions between
these plant construction traits and the different decay agents.
第27回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/12/17 Thu. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：日本語 Japanese
講演者：菊沢喜八郎 (京都大学名誉教授)
Speaker : Dr. Kihachiro Kikuzawa, Professor emeritus of Kyoto Unviersity
タイトル：葉寿命モデルの新しい展開
要旨：:葉寿命は葉の基本的役割である光合成速度(Amax)
第26回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/11/18 Thu. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W506
言語：英語 English
講演者：甲山 隆司 北海道大学地球環境科学研究科 教授
Speaker :Professor Takashi Kohyama, Hokkaido University Environmental Earth
Science
タイトル / Title；Is interspecific variation in tree-size distribution maintained
stably? Test with data of Pasoh forest dynamics plot.
Abstract:
Relative scarcity of juveniles can be attributed to the decline of population
in a forest tree community (successional niche theory). However, such properties
as high longevity, high growth rate and low fecundity promote populations
with low juvenile frequency in an equilibrium state. The theory of vertical
foliage partitioning (Kohyama and Takada 2012) suggests the difference
in tree size structure among species promote stable coexistence. I first
present the outline of the foliage partitioning theory in comparison with
some comparable theories.
To test whether or not inter-specific variation in tree size distribution
reflects demographic differentiation, we analyzed census data of abundant
370 species in the 50-ha plot of Pasoh Forest Reserve in Malaysia (Kohyama
et al. 2015). We examined how the observed size distribution in terms of
maximum diameter and skewness is related to demographic rates over around
ten years of census interval, by comparing the observed distribution and
the projected equilibrium distribution from demographic rates. We found
that the observed inter-specific variation in size distribution was associated,
to a fair extent, with demographic properties, thus the foliage partitioning
mechanism may contribute to the stable coexistence in a species-rich tree
community in a Malaysian rain forest.
第25回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/11/5 Thu. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. Scott C Stark (Michigan State University)
タイトル：Linking forest ecosystems and the climate: Scaling from local controls
on structure and function to global ecoclimate teleconnections
要旨：Forest structure and dynamics are changing rapidly around the world
as a consequence of climatechange-related pests, droughts and wildfires,
and changing anthropogenic forest usage. It is critical to understand these
changes at the process level (e.g. demographic performance of trees) to
accurately predict subsequent forest responses, including impacts on carbon
and water cycles, surface-atmosphere energy balance, and ecological trajectories.
These impacts must also be linked with atmospheric circulation to understand
local-through-global scale consequences for coupled vegetation-atmosphere
dynamics and to predict future states of earth systems. I present on two
interrelated research approaches to address these challenges:
First, I develop a remote sensing approach that uses three-dimensional
canopy information to investigate forest dynamics over the full spectrum
of forest demographic groups, including those that fall primarily in the
shade of larger trees. I show that forest structure (e.g., size distributions)
and dynamics can be retrieved from LiDAR remote sensing by accounting for
tree architecture over light environments. Second, I ask whether ‘Ecoclimate
Teleconnections’ can link tree die-off in North America?via impacts on
local climates and subsequently atmospheric circulation?with vegetation
change in the Amazon and other regions around the world.
This work highlights the need to link detailed observations of ecological
dynamics from a highthroughput remote sensing approach to earth systems
models to understand the causes and consequences of forest disturbance
in the Anthropocene.
第24回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/6/26 Fri. 10:30-12:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S130
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. H. Rakotomanana (Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar)
タイトル：Avian seed dispersal in the Madagascar’ rain forest with special respect
to Velvet Asity Philepitta castanea
要旨：In Madagascar, frugivorous bird species are fewer and their seed dispersal
is far less efficient than in other tropical countries. The efficiency
of the endemic frugivorous bird, Velvet Asity Philepitta castanea, at dispersing
seeds was studied on the basis of data from movement patterns (using continuous
recording method) and estimated shadow produced by birds in Ranomafana,
Southeastern Madagascar, throughout the dry season. Seed dispersal distance
was estimated from the data on gut passage rates and movement patterns.
Small ripe and unripe fruits (< 10mm in diameter) in the families of
Rubiaceae, Myrsinaceae and Oleaceae were consumed by the Velvet Asity,
and seeds were either regurgitated or defecated away from the parent plants.
Effective dispersal distance was 33.3 m/h. Based on seed retention time
in captivity, more than 85.7% of regurgitated seeds and all defecated seeds
were estimated to be transported outside the crowns of mother plants but
they were dispersed to much shorter distances than those carried by lemurs
and bats. To conclude, the role of lemurs may be even more crucial because
of the island's relatively depauperate frugivorous birds and bats.
第23回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/6/25 Thu. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. Ken Bagstad (U.S. Geological Survey)
タイトル: An intelligent modeling system for mapping ecosystem service flows
要旨：Ecosystem services - the benefits that nature provides to people and society - are an area of increasing scientific interest and social importance in addressing key sustainability challenges. A large and growing number of studies have mapped and valued nature for benefits like clean air and water, disaster protection, crop pollination, and recreation. However, most of these studies have been “one-off” mapping efforts that, while locally accurate, lack the ability to be reused or applied to new contexts. In this presentation, I will introduce the Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) modeling platform. ARIES offers several key advantages over other ecosystem services mapping and modeling methods. By using semantics, ARIES enables the reuse and recombination of new datasets and models added by a growing international research community. A rule base is used to select the most appropriate data and models for use in a particular region based on relevant biophysical and socioeconomic conditions that influence ecosystem service provision and use. ARIES accounts for spatiotemporal connections between ecosystems and people and can combine global models and datasets with more detailed and accurate local data and models to navigate across multiple scales. I will discuss past and current ARIES case studies, which have advanced our understanding of the geography of ecosystem services, as well as a current ARIES application under development in the Yahagi watershed in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
第22回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/6/23 Tue. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. F. E. Putz (Department of Biology, University of Florida)
タイトル：VINE ECOLOGY BUILT FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
要旨：Rather than me telling the audience what I know about the ecology of climbing plants, I want to try to “build” this ecology from basic constraints on the climbing habit. The objective is to generate ecological and other sorts of hypotheses about these plants based on what we collectively learn about their biology. For that purpose, it will help to clarify a few terms and principles (below) and for everyone to have a section of liana stem to examine (to be provided). After we’ve struggled with this challenge for a while, I promise to show some slides and tell some stories about these engaging plants.
1. Lianas are woody climbing plants whereas the word vine includes both
woody and herbaceous species.
2. Poiseuille’s Law: laminar flow through a tube (e.g., a xylem vessel)
increases with the radius of the lumen of that tube to the fourth power.
3. Critical Height: the height at which a cylindrical structure of a given
diameter (and taper) will collapse under its own weight.
4. A bent structure is compressed on one side and stretched (=tensioned)
on the other--between the two is a “neutral surface” that does not change.
Torsion is complex but basically involves twisting.
5. Flexural stiffness is a function of the elasticity of the material from
which a structure is composed and its shape; note that the contribution
of material to a structure’s stiffness increases with the distance of that
material from the neutral surface raised to the fourth power.
6. Cells in meristematic tissues have the capacity to divide (e.g., parenchyma).
7. Compartmentalization: reaction of living plant cells around wounds that
constrains the spread of infections.
8. Sapwood contains living cells and conducting xylem vessels and tracheids,
heartwood has neither.
9. Prehensile apparatus: the structures plants use to support themselves
when they climb (e.g., adventitious roots, twining stems, tendrils, hooks).
第21回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/6/9 Tue. 16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. Ram Oren (Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University)
タイトル: Lessons from Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments: How perceptions
interfere with reality
要旨：FACE experiments in forests are rare. It is therefore not surprising that many FACE-related publications are cited frequently. However, much of the cited work has been published prematurely, with subsequent corrections rarely carrying the same impact. As result, much eco-physiological understanding and related modeling work is ill-informed, with consequences to predictions of climate change impacts on forest growth and species dynamics, biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of mass and energy, and ecosystems services such as water yield, carbon sequestration and timber production. This presentation will visit a series of dominant perceptions and assess how well these are in agreement with data produced towards the end of the experiments. Starting with water, we will examine the ideas that stomata close in direct response to elevated CO2, thus reducing transpiration and allowing for greater amount of water flow to downstream ecosystems and users (not likely). We will examine the idea that understory composition is changing in favor of shade tolerant species and that the vine poison-ivy will increase in dominance (inconsistent because the ivy is intolerant, and both unlikely). A conservative response of net primary production has been touted as one of the most important outcome of synthesis of results from FACE experiments (wrong) at the same time that progressive nitrogen (N) limitation was promoted as the mechanism that will prevent forests from responding to elevated CO2 (never demonstrated, and not likely). Nitrogen does appear to operate as a dial ? with increasing N supply, more of the extra carbon fix under elevated [CO2] ends up in plant material and not in fast turnover belowground pools. And indeed, it appears that on poor soils, trees do not respond to elevated CO2, even though they photosynthesize more. In such sites, increasing the availability of all needed nutrients does increase canopy leaf area and production appreciably. Overall, it seems the responses of ecosystems to elevated atmospheric CO2 are mostly captured by their ability to increase canopy leaf area.
BIO：Ram Oren holds a distinguished professorship (Nicholas Professor of
Earth System Science) at Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment.
His graduate work under Prof. Richard Waring at Oregon State University
concentrated on various factors affecting growth efficiency under biotic
and abiotic stress. His postgraduate work under Prof. Ernst-Detlef Schulze
at the University of Bayreuth assessed the contribution of acidic precipitation
to nutritional disharmony of Norway spruce forests. For the last three
decades, together with his students, he was involved in studies of whole
trees and ecosystems water use, the mechanisms controlling the use of water,
and the consequences to carbon assimilation and tree growth. These studies
range in latitude from the Peruvian Amazon to near the Arctic Circle, and
included the Duke Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment, of which he
served as principal investigator. He serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the
journal Tree Physiology, and is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Agriculture and Forestry.
第21回森林生態系機能コロキウムは、Duke大学のRam Oren先生にご講演いただきます。どなたでも参加できますので、多くの皆様のご参加をお待ちしております。京都大学農学研究科熱帯林環境学研究室および森林水文学研究室がホストを務めます。
第20回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/4/24 Fri. 16:30-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. GenXuan Wang (Professor of Ecology, Institute of Life Sciences,
Zhejiang University)
タイトル:
Studies on the physical, physiological and biochemical quantitative rules
of the metabolic ecology changed with effective water in plants
要旨：
The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) that derived from the scaling relationships between physiological traits and body size in animals and physical temperature factors, which ignored physiological and biochemical mechanisms and effects of water in habitats, has been extended to characterize ecological and biological processes from cellular to global levels. Most debates that claim to validate or invalidate MTE have focused on testing its predictions, which showed that it should be improved. We have found that the quantitative relationship among allometric scaling exponents of the body size, stature and coverage-density, all of them are regulated by hydro-physiological-ecological processes; the dynamics of metabolic coefficients changed with effective water for metabolism following Michaelis-Menten equation. A hypothesis had been preliminarily proposed that metabolic ecological processes may be jointly regulated by physical, physiological and biochemical laws and organism’s size and stature, based on which a novel quantitative models was also developed. The main predictions was planned to test by measuring and analyzing the traits of structure, metabolism, productivity and habitat temperature and moisture etc. at levels from organs, individuals, populations to communities and ecosystems under conditions of control and field gradient of moisture and temperature in plants with main living forms, metabolic and ecological types. The identity and/or difference of the coefficients of the equations will be found and improved among species and types of metabolism and living forms. It is the points of innovation that introduce of the Michaelis-Menten equation from the biochemistry to quantify the effect of effective water, the effect of stature and coverage on the regulation of scaling exponent and ability to predict the dynamic of metabolism changing with the temperature and moisture 2 dimensions. A novel theory and quantitative model for metabolic ecology based on physical, physiological and biochemical laws was hoped to be developed. The famous metabolic theory of ecology may be expected to be expanded and improved to be better for suiting the actual mechanisms of metabolic regulations in organisms especially in plants, which may improve the predictions for the responses of metabolism and distribution patterns changed with temperature, moisture and climate in vegetation.
第19回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/4/10 Fri. 13:30-16:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者及びタイトル：
13:30-14:30 Dr. John Tenhunen (Bayreuth Univ.)
Find a lecture pdf here! （講演内容のpdfをいただいていますのでご参照ください）
Title:
Linking ecosystem physiology to hydrology in different environments and
at different scales: An important resource management challenge （様々な環境、様々なスケールで、生理生態学を水文学へ繋ぐ試み）
Abstract:
Geographers by 1948 or even earlier began to work toward new understanding
by addressing functional differences in landscape units and the landscape
mosaic. The International Association of Landscape Ecology was dedicated
in 1982 with the mission to understand landscape patterns as linked with
processes. Nevertheless, in this era of global change science, views of
the world incorporated into ecological studies are much too often one dimensional
with respect to fluxes, plot oriented with respect to investment of funds,
and disciplinary in terms of the studies that agencies are willing to support.
In the current era of the anthropocene, we have learned that resource management must be carried out from the social-ecological-system perspective, and that it is critical to ensure sustainable ecosystem services while avoiding environmental harm. To do so, much more must be invested in linking of natural science models for carbon, water and nutrient balances at landscape to regional scales. Even beyond this, the models should be usable in scenario evaluations with input from the social scientists and outputs in economic terms.
Still we are frustrated in our ability to effectively link the processes governing landscape and regional carbon, water and nutrient cycles due to heterogeneity and complexity of the natural systems that surround us. The presentation focuses on discussing some very general issues and three specific examples related to linking ecosystem physiology with hydrological studies. Finding new ways to link soil, vegetation and atmosphere processes is a critical step in allowing us to use scientific knowledge in the context of practical and sustainable resource management. The examples at continental European scale, for Mediterranean arid regions, and for Alaskan tundra must be viewed only as part of a long-term progression toward new methods applications in ecology and environmental science. The hope is that such discussions can stimulate new exploratory studies in ecohydrology among the seminar participants.
14:30-14:40 -Break-
14:40-15:05 Dr. Hiroyuki Muraoka (Gifu Univ.)
Title:
Responses
of canopy leaf phenology and photosynthesis, and soil respiration to rising
temperature in a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest.（冷温帯落葉広葉樹林の光合成と土壌呼吸特性の温暖化応答に関する実験的検証）
Abstract:
Global warming is predicted to influence carbon cycle and budget of terrestrial ecosystems via changes in photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon release which are controlled by plants and heterotrophic organisms. Although model prediction has been challenging for predicting the future changes in terrestrial carbon cycle and sequestration, still we need experimental evidence which provides us with better mechanistic understandings and prediction of possible changes due to warming. For example, we need to know (1) how much the leaf photosynthesis and its phenology would be altered by environmental changes, and (2) how much soil respiration and its temperature-dependency would be altered by rising soil temperature. In order to examine these possible changes in a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, we established an open-field warming experiment at Takayama site (ca. 1420m a.s.l) on a mountainous landscape in central Japan. In this talk I am going to introduce our findings that warming treatment on canopy tree branch by open-top canopy chamber (OTCC) resulted in earlier leaf budbreak and delayed leaf senescence with about 10% higher photosynthetic capacity, and soil warming by heating cable increased soil respiration but altered temperature-dependency throughout the growing season.
15:05-15:30 Dr. Kenji Tsuruta (Kyoto Univ.)
Title:
Inter-annual variations of and factors controlling evapotranspiration in
a temperate Japanese cypress forest（温帯ヒノキ林における蒸発散量の年々変動とその変動要因）
Abstract:
This study was undertaken to determine the range and control factors of
inter-annual variations in evapotranspiration (ET) in a temperate coniferous
forest in Japan. We conducted eddy covariance flux and meteorological measurements
for seven years and parameterized the multi-layer soil?vegetation?atmosphere
transfer model that partitions ET to transpiration (Tr), wet-canopy evaporation
(Ewet), and soil evaporation (Esoil). The model was validated with the
observed flux data. Using the model, the components of ET were estimated
for the seven years. The maximum inter-annual fluctuation of observed ET
was much small, in contrast to relatively large year-to-year variations
in annual rainfall. EC corresponded to the vapor pressure deficit, incoming
radiation, and air temperature with relatively small inter-annual variations.
Esoil was mainly corresponded to the vapor pressure deficit. Ewet was corresponded
to precipitation with large inter-annual variations because of the variability
in precipitation. The variations in Ewet were counterbalanced by the variations
in Tr and Esoil, producing the small inter-annual variation in total ET.
15:30-15:55 Dr. Mai Kamakura
Title:
Observation of patchy stomatal behavior in broad-leaved trees and its effect on leaf- and canopy-gas exchange.（広葉樹における不均一な気孔開閉と個葉および樹冠のガス交換に与える影響の解明）
Abstract:
Based on leaf anatomical traits, broad-leaved tree species can be classified
into two groups: heterobaric trees having bundle-sheath extensions or homobaric
trees lacking them. Bundle-sheath extensions, which separate the mesophyll
into many compartments in the leaf, function as a water transport pathway.
They may respond rapidly to drought signals, resulting in heterogeneous
‘patchy’ stomatal closure together with non-uniform photosynthesis in heterobaric
leaves. In a tropical rainforest of South-east Asia, the majority of canopy
species have heterobaric leaves, whereas many subcanopy and understory
tree species have homobaric leaves. This distribution pattern of leaf traits
is related to micrometeorological gradients such as irradiance and vapor
pressure deficit with tree heights.
第19回森林生態系機能コロキウムは、京都大学農学研究科森林水文学研究室がホストを務めます。どなたでも参加できますので、
第18回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/1/23 Fri. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館講義室S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：山田俊弘（広島大学）, Dr. Toshihiro Yamada (Hiroshima Univ.)
タイトル：
Soil habitat association and soil related variation in population dynamics
of Malaysian rain forest trees
要旨：
Species?habitat associations were studied in a 50-ha forest plot in the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia. I divided the plot into 5000, 10 × 10 m2 quadrats and assigned each to one of three habitats based on parent materials and drainage: well-drained hilly parts and ridge tops, moderately drained, topographically flat sites, and poorly drained riverine sites. Torus-translation tests showed that 295 species (60.0% of 492 species) had significant associations with habitats in at least one of the three habitats. Differences in species density among the three habitats led to differences among habitats in the relative importance of species, suggesting that species-habitat associations play a role in the distribution of tree species in the 50-ha plot and in determining variations in local floristic composition of the Pasoh forest.
Like this, density difference of conspecific trees in response to edaphic gradients are well documented but the way such density differences are generated and maintained is poorly understood. I examined how individual performance changed across the three soil habitats using 10-year demographic data. Plus, I constructed population matrix models to analyse the change in population dynamics across the habitats. Species showed only minor changes in mortality and growth across habitats, although recruitment differed largely. In contrast, we found a large interspecific change in mortality and growth in every habitat. The species made interspecific demographic trade-offs between juveniles’ growth and mortality in all soil types. Interestingly the relative trade-offs by a species did not differ substantially among the habitats.
Population sizes were projected to keep stable in all habitats for all
species with one exception. Life table response experiment revealed little
change in population dynamics of a species among habitats. Therefore, species
do not necessarily have large differences in population dynamics across
habitats. However, interspecific differences in population dynamics were
large. The demographic trade-off between mortality and growth led to a
negative correlation between the contributions of mortality and growth
to variations in the population growth rate (λ) and thus offset their net
contributions. Recruitment had only subtle impact on the variation in λ.
The combination of these factors resulted in little variation in λ among
species.
第17回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2015/1/22 Thu. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. Nophea Sasaki (兵庫県立大学大学院応用情報科学研究科)
タイトル：Carbon Emission Reductions and Removals in Cambodia under the REDD+
Scheme
要旨：REDD+ scheme of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change is a result-based financial incentive for reducing carbon emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation, conservation of forests, sustainable
management of forests, and removals through enhancement of forest carbon stocks
in developing countries. To benefit from this scheme, individual countries in
developing countries are required to submit the reference emission level (REL),
against which emission reductions are compared. Although estimating REL has
become increasingly important, only several developing countries submitted
their REL at the COP20 held at Lima in December 2014. This talk discusses the
methods used to estimate baseline emissions and discuss the approaches to
decide REL for Cambodian forests. In addition, discussions on policy
interventions for reducing emissions are also provided. Carbon stocks in four
carbon pools in seven forest types are used to estimate carbon stock changes
and emissions up to commune level in Cambodia. Data of forest cover in 2002 and
2006 are used to establish future baseline deforestation, emissions,
reductions, and removals.
第16回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014/12/12 Fri. 16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：日本語 Japanese
講演者：久保田康裕（琉球大学理学部）
「森林群集の形成プロセスを分類・系統・
要旨：
森林群集の形成プロセスは、分類学的情報（
第16回森林生態系機能コロキウムは、
第15回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年12月2日（火）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S128
言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. Jukka Pumpanen, Helsinki University, Finland
タイトル：Feedback mechanisms between below-ground carbon allocation, soil organic
matter turnover and carbon fluxes
要旨：The feedback effects resulting from the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration
on the biomass production of terrestrial ecosystems and soil organic matter
(SOM) decomposition are one of the biggest uncertainties in the predictions
of future climate. It has been suggested that root exudates and other easily
decomposable carbon could enhance the decomposition of old SOM and turnover
rates of nitrogen in the rhizosphere with possible growth enhancing feedback
in vegetation. We are studying the feedback mechanisms between the assimilation
of CO2 and decomposition of SOM and the effects of different environmental
factors (such as precipitation, temperature, drought and fire) on them
in multiple scales using detailed laboratory measurements and long term
field experiments. In our recent paper by Linden et al. (2014), we observed
that living rhizosphere and belowground carbon input of easily decomposable
C play an important role in the decomposition of SOM. We also observed
that the increased amount of easily available carbon in the soil was reflected
to the photosynthesis, probably through sink limitation. In a fire chronosequence
study by Koster et al. (2014), we studied in a pristine sub-arctic forest,
the turnover rate and recovery of soil C stocks after forest fires, and
observed, that the turnover rate of soil carbon was substantially affected
by the age of the forest. The turnover rate was also positively correlated
with the amount of ectomycorrhizal biomass in the soil indicating that
the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are an important driver of the SOM decomposition
in boreal forest soil, and that the faster turnover rate of soil carbon
in old forests compared to young forest stands is related to the increasing
below ground carbon allocation which is due to higher nitrogen demand in
old vs. young forests. The estimation of below ground carbon allocation
without disturbing the ecosystem is difficult by using conventional girdling
and trenching techniques. We have developed a novel method for separating
these two flux components (Pumpanen et al. 2014). The method enables continuous
monitoring of soil CO2 effluxes and separation of the two flux components
in an undisturbed manner, unlike the traditional flux partitioning methods
such as girdling and trenching. With the method we were able to estimate
the annual contribution of the autotrophic component in soil respiration
and its seasonal variation and connect it to the seasonal variation in
gross primary productivity of the forest. The enhanced decomposition of
SOM resulted from the belowground carbon allocation to root exudates and
ECM symbiosis may also significantly affect the transport of terrestrial
carbon to the rivers, estuaries and the coastal ocean, a process with unknown
contribution to the global and regional carbon balances. We studied in
a recent paper by Pumpanen et al. (2014) how the short and long-term changes
in precipitation, soil temperature, soil water content and net ecosystem
exchange (NEE) are reflected to DOC concentrations and runoff DOC fluxes
in two small forested upland catchments in Southern Finland. The DOC
flux was to a large extent determined by the amount of precipitation, but
the previous year’s NEE and litter production had also a small but significant
effect on runoff DOC fluxes. Another possible explanation for the increasing
DOC concentrations in the runoff could be the increasing soil temperature
which could affect the decomposition of SOM, but it may also increase the
belowground carbon sink and thus increase the primary productivity of the
forest in the long run (Pumpanen et al. 2012).
第14回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年11月20日（木）16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
言語：日本語 Japanese
定例会：森林生物学研究室
Dr. Yuji ISAG（井鷺裕司） 「遺伝解析に基づく森林生物の動態・保全・進化研究」
遺伝情報が広く生態学研究に用いられるようになって20年あまりが経過したが、ここ数年の解析技術の発展は著しいものがある。例えば、数日の作業で解読できるDNA塩基配列数は5年前は数万塩基であったが、現在では数億?数十億塩基にも達する。この様な状況をどのように活用すれば、森林生物の動態や進化プロセスを理解し、生物多様性の効果的かつ適切な保全につなげられるのだろうか。実例を紹介しつつ考察する。
Dr. Atsushi TAKAYANAGI（高柳 敦） 「シカによる自然植生の改変と生態系のレストレーション」
シカによって自然植生が大きく変容していることが明らかになり、生態系“被害”とされて対策が立てられている。その時に、何を持って被害とするのかやどのような生態系に戻すのかについては、科学的な基準は明確でなく、相観や景観が主な基準とされている。また、この現象を食い止めて植生を回復するには、シカの個体数密度を小さくすることが求められ、それが適正密度が存在するという考えと結びついて捕獲事業が行われている。芦生研究林の状況を中心に、私が関係しているいくつかのシカによる植生改変問題とその回復事業について紹介しながら、シカによる植生改変問題へのアプローチについて検討する。
Dr. Michimasa YAMASAKI（ 山崎理正） 「冷温帯林におけるブナ科樹木萎凋病の被害拡大様式」
ミズナラやコナラが集団的に枯死するブナ科樹木萎凋病（ナラ枯れ）の被害が日本各地に拡大し、問題となっている。本病は養菌性キクイムシであるカシノナガキクイムシが古い寄主木から新しい寄主木に移動分散する際に、食餌菌と一緒に病原菌も運搬することで被害が拡大していく。カシノナガキクイムシの移動分散と林内における寄主候補木の分布が、被害拡大様式を決定していると考えられる。本病の被害拡大について、冷温帯に位置する芦生研究林と八丁平湿原周辺の二次林で行ってきた研究を紹介する。
FEFCO 関連セミナー
日時：11月11日（火）13:00-14:15
場所：京都大学農学総合館講義室W306, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, W306
言語：英語 English
講演者： Professor Md. Enamul Kabir，Life Science School, Khulna University,
BANGLADESH
タイトル：Traditional Agroforestry Homegardening: Perspective for biodiversity
conservation through use in
Bangladesh
伝統的アグロフォレストリーホームガーデン：バングラデシュにおける資源利用を通じた生物多様性保全
要旨：Prof. Kabir will lecture on the function of homegardens as biodiversity
shelters in the delta area of Bangladesh. The paper relevant to this topic
is “Biotropica 40：95 - 103, 2008”
サイクロンの高波被害のリスクが大きなバングラデシュ，ベンガル
聴講自由です．多数のご来聴をお待ちしています．
第13回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年11月6日（木）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
使用言語：英語 English
講演者： Dr. Sabrina E. Russo, PhD, Associate Professor (http://russolab.unl.edu/),
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
タイトル：Resource Allocation Trade-offs Among Bornean Tree Species: Consequences
and Mechanisms
要旨：All organisms face trade-offs in how resources are allocated during
a lifetime. For example, a juvenile tree growing in the understory of a
closed-canopy forest accumulates carbohydrates via photosynthesis. Those
carbohydrates could be used to make new leaves, or instead, they could
be stored for future use, or used to synthesize defensive compounds. The
evolutionary responses to these unavoidable trade-offs have produced a
range of species’ life history strategies. I will discuss the mechanistic
basis for trade-offs in resource allocation that individual tropical trees
make, how variation in resource availability affects those trade-offs,
and how trade-offs at the individual level affect the distribution and
diversity of tree species along environmental gradients in Bornean rain
forest.
第12回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年10月30日（木）16:30-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S128
使用言語：英語 English
講演者：Dr. Laura Parducci (Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden)
タイトル：Ancient plant DNA of Nordic Environments
要旨：Range limits of many plant species are expected to shift considerably
in the next decades due to human-mediated climate change, particularly
in Nordic environments, but the capacity of trees to migrate in response
to these events has been questioned. New methodologies allow now to look
directly in the species’ DNA retrieved from fossil plant archives (peat/lake
sediments, permafrost), investigate how species and lineages responded
in the past and derive lineage specific tolerances and migrations rates
for plants. In my talk I will show how plant DNA information can be effectively
retrieved from these archives and analyzed following a multidisciplinary
approach that combines 1) classical palaeoecological investigations, 2)
front-line metabarcoding techniques on environmental DNA, 3) analytic models
based on DNA from living plant populations and 4) ecoinformatic modeling
analyses. The outcome of studies based on such approaches is not only useful
for investigating the driving factors affecting past range shifts, but
also for assisting ecological niche-modeling analyses of future range shifts
of plants.
第11回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年10月23日（木）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
使用言語：日本語 Japanese
定例会として第11回森林生態系機能コロキウム（FEFCO)を開催します。どなたでも参加できます。京都大学農学研究科森林利用学研究室がホストを務めます。
Dr. Akira Osawa（大澤晃）「周極域亜寒帯林の現存量・構造変化の歴史と気候変動に対する反応を推定し、理解する」
北半球高緯度地域に広がる亜寒帯林は世界の森林面積の約25%を占めるが、生態系への炭素蓄積量では、低温により有機物分解速度が遅いため、全森林の約58%が亜寒帯林に蓄積されている。気候の温暖化が進むと、亜寒帯林に蓄積された有機物の分解が進んで二酸化炭素が大量に大気中に放出され温暖化を加速させる可能性がある。また、気候変化に伴い、各地で林木の枯死が急速に進んでいる。これらが分解され、また森林火災を通して二酸化炭素放出をさらに増やすかもしれない。その反面、気候変化の結果林分成長と森林生態系への炭素固定が加速される可能性もある。これらの傾向は長期間維持されている永久調査区のデータを使って検証することができる。しかし、周極域亜寒帯林のほとんどは僻地にあって経済的価値が低く、利用できる永久調査区データが存在しない場合が多い。一方、近年試み始められた林分構造復元法を利用すれば、過去の測定データがない林分の現存量、林分構造、成長量などを林分レベルで過去にさかのぼって推定できる。本研究では、この林分構造復元法を3地域(北西カナダ、北欧、中央シベリア)の長い南北トランセクトに沿った一連の林分に適用し、過去約150年間の林分現存量とその変化を復元すること、および推定された現存量変化がこれらの地域で起こった数十年周期の気候変動とどのような関係にあったか推定することを目的としている。カナダ、フィンランド、エストニア、ロシアの研究者グループとの共同研究として進めつつある森林測定、幹サンプル採集、年輪解析、およびこれらのもとになっている林分構造復元法の概要について紹介する。
Dr. Masako Dannoura（檀浦正子）「森林の機能とプロセスの間ー安定同位体パルスラベリング手法を用いた樹体内炭素移動の観測」
森林森林炭素循環を解明するために、また森林の炭素固定能を推定するために、様々なサイトでタワー観測や生態学的手法を用いての評価が行われ、さらに森林内部で何が起こっているのかを詳細に調べるため、各部位の呼吸量や光合成量の調査が行われている。いずれの観測でも温度・降水量などの外的環境要因と絡めて解析することは可能であるが、本来ここに、樹木の内部からの要因（樹齢や樹種や、その個体が置かれた状況）も複雑に関係してくるはずである。そこで、この大気―樹木をめぐる炭素の流れを、実際に測定するために、安定同位体をトレーサーとして用いて、とりこまれた炭素がどのように樹体内を循環するのかを追跡する手法であるパルスラベリングを紹介する。樹木がどういうプロセスで炭素を取り込み放出するのかを理解することが、気候変動に対する森林動態モデリングにも重要な示唆を与えうるとともに、基礎的な樹木生理学的メカニズムの解明にもつながっていくような気がしている。
第10回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年9月17日（水）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
使用言語：英語 English
第10回森林生態系機能コロキウムは、名古屋大学で開催される第6回国際樹木根会議のため来日される、Dr. Ivano Brunner （スイス・WSL）とDr.
Ivika Ostonen（エストニア・タルツ大学）の両氏に講演いただきます。スタッフ・学生問わず、どうぞ奮ってご参加ください。京都大学農学研究科森林利用学分野がホストを務め、名古屋大学大学院学環境研究科の平野恭弘氏との共催で行われます。
講演者：Dr. Ivano Brunner（WSL）
タイトル：10 years of irrigation of a Pinus sylvestris forest in a climatic
dry area in Switzerland
要旨：Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) in the inner-Alpine dry valleys of Switzerland have suffered during the
past decades from increased mortality, which has been caused by longer
and more frequent dry periods. In addition, an ongoing replacement of Scots
pines by pubescent oaks (Quercus pubescens) has been observed. In 2003, an irrigation experiment was started to track
changes by reducing drought pressure on the natural pine forest. After
a decade of irrigation, we observed major adaptations in the vegetation,
and shifts in the fungal and microbial communities, and alterations in
the soil and the Scots pine fine roots. Irrigation permitted new plant
species to assemble and promote canopy closure with a subsequent loss of
herb coverage. Fine root dry weight increased under irrigation and fine
roots had a tendency to elongate. Structural composition of fine roots
remained unaffected by irrigation, expressing preserved proportions of
cellulose, lignin and phenolic substances. A shift to a more negative d13C
signal in the fine root C indicates an increased photosynthetic activity
in irrigated pine trees. Using radiocarbon (14C) measurement, a reduced
mean age of the fine roots in irrigated plots was recorded.
講演者：Dr. Ivika Ostonen (University of Tartu)
タイトル：The effect of increased air humidity on northern deciduous forest
ecosystem - a FAHM study
要旨：At northern latitudes a rise in atmospheric humidity and precipitation
is predicted as a consequence of lobal climate change. In 2006 an unique
experimental facility for free air humidity manipulation (FAHM) was established
in Estonia to study the functioning of deciduous forest ecosystem under
altered humidity conditions. The experimental site contains humidified
and control plots, each includes four types of forest
ecosystem: two overstorey species (planted hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx. and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.)) both split into two types according to understorey vegetation
(diverse “forest” understory and early successional grasses). We investigated
the productivity, biomass allocation and functioning of both forest ecosystem
in response to elevated atmospheric humidity (on average 7% over
the ambient level) during four growing seasons (2008?2011). We hypothesized
that elevated air humidity facilitates both above- and belowground growth
and accumulation of plant biomass. During the first three experimental
seasons height, stem diameter, and stem volume (D2H) increments of trees,
biomass of understory in aboveground and fine root biomass in belowground
were similar or significantly reduced
in humidified plots. Only the fine root and rhizome biomass of the understory
was twice higher in humidified plots. However, fine root turnover speeded
up for both tree and understory roots. The trends in above-ground growth
changed in 2011, when current annual increments of trees height, diameter,
stem volume and fine root biomass were higher in humidified plots. Functionally,
trees hydraulic conductance was significantly higher and stem sap flux
lower for humidified trees coinciding with significantly higher biomass
of primary (in majority ectomycorrhizal) roots, morphologically thinner
and longer root tips and higher specific root length. Humidification caused
a shift in the root tips colonizing fungal community towards the dominance
of hydrophilic taxa. Different structural and functional aspects of forest
ecosystem acclimation to increasing atmospheric humidity in boreo-nemoral
deciduous forests will be discussed.
第9回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年7月17日（木）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
使用言語：日本語 Japanese
Dr. Makoto Tani（谷誠 ）「豪雨時における森林保水力の水理学的な解釈」 （A hydraulic interpretation
for forest effects on runoff responses during large-magnitude storms, presented
with English PPT)
日本のような地殻変動の激しい山岳での洪水流出を、
Dr. Kosugi Yoshiko（小杉緑子）「水文学的視点を取り入れた森林生態系のガス交換機能評価」
森林の諸機能を持続可能な状態に保つためには、そのメカニズムや可塑性、限界を知ることが不可欠です。これらの機能は森林と環境との相互作用のバランスの上に成り立っているので、その平衡がどこまでは保たれ、どこからは崩れていくのかについて、注意深く計測し、情報を得ていくことが重要です。中でも蒸発散・光合成・呼吸といったガス交換過程は、森林と環境との日々の相互作用の主要部分を担う機能です。森林水文学研究室では、タワーサイトにおける長期観測に基づいて森林のガス交換機能を詳細に記述・定量化する研究を行ってきています。タワーサイトにおける長期観測からどのようなことがわかるのかについて紹介します。
定例会として第９回森林生態系機能コロキウム（FEFCO)を開催します。どなたでも参加できます。京都大学農学研究科森林水文学研究室がホストを務めます。
第8回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年6月19日（木）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building S174
使用言語：日本語 Japanese
Dr. Naoko Tokushi（徳地直子）「フィールド科学教育研究センター森林フィールドの紹介」
京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センターは海と森と里に施設をもち、森では北海道・京都（芦生）・和歌山の３つの研究林と京都本部・上賀茂・徳山の３つの試験地がある。ここでは、それぞれの研究林・試験地を簡単に紹介する。
Dr. TakeshiIse（伊勢武史）「生態系のダイナミクスをシミュレーションで解き明かす」
生態系をシミュレーションで再現することで、従来の手法では解明がむずかしかったさまざまなメカニズムを分析し、将来予測や政策決定に役立てることが可能となる。さらにシミュレーションモデルは、断片的に蓄積されている観測データを統合した知見を得るためのデータ同化のプラットフォームともなる。この発表では特に、土壌の炭素循環および森林のダイナミクスに関する研究を紹介し、今後の応用の可能性について検討する。土壌有機炭素に関するケーススタディとしては、亜寒帯に多くみられる泥炭地の物理過程と物質循環過程を統合的にシミュレーションすることによって新たに存在の可能性が示された強い正のフィードバックの生じるメカニズムについて解説する。森林のダイナミクスに関する研究例としては、日本の生態系におよぼす地球温暖化の影響の将来予測と、それに対処するためのマネジメント方針の提案の事例を扱う。
定例会として第８回森林生態系機能コロキウム（FEFCO)を開催します。どなたでも参加できます。フィールド科学教育研究センター森林育成学研究室がホストを務めます。
第7回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年5月15日（木）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building S174
使用言語：日本語 Japanese
Dr. Kaoru Kitajima（ 北島薫）「熱帯自然林における樹木の機能形質の多様性」
要旨：熱帯林は生物多様性の宝庫である、
Dr. Takayuki Kaneko (金子隆之)「早成樹林業の炭素固定能と持続性評価および、
要旨：
定例会として第7回森林生態系機能コロキウム（FEFCO)を開催します。どなたでも参加できます。京都大学農学研究科熱帯林環境学研究室がホストを務めます。
第6回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年4月30日（水）16:00-18:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館S174, Faculty of Agriculture Main Building S174
使用言語：英語 English
16:00-17:00
講演者：Dr. Jeffrey J. McDonnell (Professor of Hydrology, School of Environmental
Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan)
タイトル：Tracking raindrops: Basic science for understanding global change
impacts on fresh water（雨水を追跡する －地球変動の淡水に及ぼすインパクトを理解するための基礎科学－
要旨：
Where does water go when it rains? How old is the water in
the stream? Where do trees get their water? These basic questions underpin
many of the most pressing and challenging questions of how global change
will
affect fresh water supplies. This talk outlines some of the issues faced
by the world's freshwater resources and then outlines new research that
tracks individual rainstorms using stable isotopes. These fingerprints
of the water molecule offer new insights into the main processes governing
water cycling in watersheds and how these processes portend change in water
availability, supply, quality and resulting ecosystem services. Findings
from diverse landscapes from the Southeast USA to Pacific Northwest, California,
Mexico,
New Zealand and Western Canada are featured.
17:00-18:00
講演者：Arjun M. Heimsath (Associate Professor, School of Earth and Space Exploration,
Arizona State University)
タイトル：Quantifying Processes Governing Soil-Mantled Hillslope Evolution（土壌でおおわれた斜面の発達を制御するプロセスの定量評価）
要旨：
I will present an overview of how field-based methods quantify the processes
shaping upland, soil-mantled landscapes. We have applied these methods
across diverse field areas, ranging from the tropical sandstones of northern
Australia to the alpine granites of the Sierra Nevada in California. In
all cases, the landscapes examined through such work are relatively gently
sloping with a generally continuous soil mantle. Soil on such upland landscapes
is distinctly defined to be the physically mobile layer derived primarily
from the underlying parent material with organic content from native flora
and fauna. These upland soils are distinguished from
agriculture or lowland soils by the convex-up, hilly topographies that
are the focus of such study. Parent material is generally saprolite; weathered
bedrock that retains relict rock structure and is physically immobile.
Processes shaping such landscapes include the physical and chemical
processes that weather the parent material, and the processes moving the
soil downslope. These processes are quantified using several different
field-based methods. In situ produced cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 26Al)
are measured in the parent material directly beneath the mobile soil mantle
and define the relationship between soil production rates and the overlying
soil thickness. The same cosmogenic nuclides are measured in detrital sediments
sampled from local channels to quantify basin-averaged erosion rates. Mobile
and trace elements are measured in both the parent material and the soils
to define chemical weathering rates and processes. Short-lived, fallout-derived
isotopes (210Pb, 137Cs, 7Be) are measured in soil profiles to quantify
sediment transport processes and short-term erosion rates. Parent material
strength (competence), or resistance to shear, is measured using a hand-held
shear vane as well as a cone-penetrometer. The methodology for, some
results, and the connections drawn from this diverse toolbox are summarized
in this chapter. An important conclusion connecting parent material strength
to the physical processes transporting soil and the chemical processes
weathering the parent material emerges with the observation that parent
material strength increases with overlying soil thickness and, therefore,
the weathered extent of the saprolite. This observation highlights the
importance of quantifying hillslope hydrologic processes at the same locations
where the measurements described herein are made. Specifically, by understanding
the hydrologic pathways that help drive the weathering processes of upland
soils and saprolites we will gain considerably greater insight into how
hillslope processes drive landscape evolution.
このたび、
森林は水と土の移動を背景として成立していますが、
本講演は科学研究費助成事業基盤研究S「地形・土壌・植生の入れ子構造的発達をふまえた流域水流出特性の変動予測」（代表：谷誠、課題番号：23221009）との共催にて行われます。京都大学農学研究科森林水文学研究室がホストを務めます。
第5回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年4月17日（木）16:00-17:30
場所：京都大学農学総合館 Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
使用言語：日本語 Japanese
講演者：Dr. Kanehiro Kitayama（北山兼弘）, Dr. Yusuke Onoda（小野田雄介）, Forest Ecology
labo., Kyoto Univ.
タイトル：これからの森林生態系研究と生物多様性について
要旨：生物多様性の生態系機能の評価としては、
第4回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014年3月11日（火）10:00-12:00、3月12日（水）10:30-12:00
場所：京都大学農学総合館 Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
使用言語：英語 English
3月11日（火）10:00-11:20 (refreshments will be ready at 10:00, with lecture to start at 10:10)
講演者：Dr. Nathan Swenson, Michigan State University
タイトル： The distribution and diversity of woody plant function on continental scales
要旨：A key goal in ecology is to determine the mechanisms underlying the distribution and diversity of species. Our ability to address this key problem hinges on our ability to link variation in organismal function to the ecological patterns of interest. In this seminar, I will examine the distribution and diversity of woody plants on continental scales and demonstrate how large spatial and trait databases can be joined to address fundamental ecological and evolutionary questions.
3月11日（火）11:20-12:00
講演者：Dr. Masahiro Aiba（饗庭正寛）, Tohoku University
Trait-based analyses of tree communities and human impacts on the diversity at a large spatial scale
（機能形質を利用した樹木の群集構造ならびに人為撹乱による多様性損失の広域解析）
要旨：Integrating a functional trait database with a large scale forest inventory
database provides a great opportunity to tackle various important questions
in basic and applied ecology. In this seminar, I will show two examples
of a large spatial scale analysis based on a recently compiled database
of functional traits of Japanese tree species; (1) trait-abundance relationships
in tree communities and (2) human impacts on functional diversity.
3月12日（水）10:30-12:00
講演者：Dr. Nathan Swenson (Michigan State University)
タイトル： Phylogenetic and Functional Analyses of Ecological Communities
The last decade has seen an extraordinary increase in the number of studies that integrate phylogenetic and functional trait information into classical community ecology. Much of this research has demonstrated that inferences made without phylogenetic and/or functional information are often greatly refined or completely overturned when adding this information. Despite these key findings, there are still many conceptual and analytical issues that must be more closely considered in the future. In this seminar, I will discuss the foundational works in this field and discuss future directions that should be fruitful for research.
「Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R」の書籍情報はこちら：
http://www.amazon.co.jp/
植物の生理機能や系統情報、ゲノム機能解析、
またSwenson博士のご講演に合わせて、
興味がある方は奮ってご参加ください。京都大学農学研究科森林生態学分野がホストを務めます。
第3回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014/2/25 16:00 - 17:30
場所：農学部総合館 Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
講演者およびタイトル：
Dr. William F. Laurance, Distinguished Research Professor & Australian
Laureate, Prince Bernhard Chair for International Nature Conservation,
James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
'THE IMPACTS OF EXPLOSIVE ROAD EXPANSION ON TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY'
使用言語：英語 English
We live in an era of unprecedented road expansion, with new roads now penetrating
into the world's last remote regions. By the year 2050, it is expected
that Earth will have 25 million kilometres of additional roads and highways―enough
to circle the planet over 600 times. Ninety percent of these roads will
be in developing nations, including tropical nations that sustain the bulk
of Earth's biodiversity. I will highlight the impacts of rapid road expansion
on tropical forests and their wildlife, and then describe an ambitious
effort I am leading to devise a 'Global Road Map'--an innovative zoning
scheme to indicate where on Earth future roads should and should not go.
第3回森林生態系機能コロキウムは、 James Cook UniversityのWilliam F. Laurance教授にご講演いただきます。京都大学農学研究科熱帯林環境学分野がホストを務めます。
第1回森林生態系機能コロキウム
日時：2014/2/3 10:30 - 12:00, 2014/2/4 10:30 - 13:00
場所：農学部総合館 Faculty of Agriculture Main Building, S174
講演者：Dr. Gabriel Katul（Duke University）
タイトル：Hydraulic determinism as a constraint on the evolution of organisms
and ecosystems
（FEB 3）植物の気孔開閉の環境応答に対する新しい考え方
（FEB 4）気孔の環境応答と植物体内の通水構造との関係に対する新しい考え
使用言語：英語
第一回森林生態系機能コロキウムは、名古屋大学地球水循環研究センター（HyARC）生物圏気候システム研究室に客員教授として滞在されているGabriel
Katul教授（Duke University）に２日間にわたって講演いただきます。
http://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/katul/homepage.html
京都大学農学研究科森林水文学分野がホストを務め、名古屋大学地球水循環研究センター（HyARC）生物圏気候システム研究室の熊谷朝臣氏との共催で行われます。
Katul教授は、名古屋大学滞在中にいくつかのトレーニングコース的な特別セミナーを行うことを予定しており、その一貫として、今回FEFCOにて講演いただきます。
2月3日（1日目）：今回は、植物の気孔開閉の環境応答に対する新しい考え方
2月4日（2日目）：気孔の環境応答と植物体内の通水構造との関係に対する新しい考え方・植生モデルへの適用
詳しくは、下の要旨をご覧下さい。
Katul教授は流体力学研究者としてのバックグラウンドから、植生上乱流・物質交換過程、植物生理、遷移などの生態系プロセス・・・等、幅広い範囲の研究を行っており、現在の大気－陸面過程研究者の世界最高峰であるという意見に異議を唱える人は誰もいないと思います（サイテーションインデックスは、１００００を超えています）。
スタッフ・学生問わず、どうぞ奮ってご参加ください。
タイトル：Hydraulic determinism as a constraint on the evolution of organisms
and ecosystems
要旨：The interaction between plant hydraulics and plant structure was documented
by Leonardo da Vinci, and its importance as a regulator of vegetation and
ecosystem function remains of vital contemporary interest. It is proposed
that hydraulics deterministically influence plant structure and function.
This 2-lecture short course explores some aspects of the role of hydraulics
and physiology in plant function, with a focus on the regulation of plant
stomata and xylem water potentials including the safety-efficiency tradeoffs
and maximum theoretical transpiration (Lecture 1), the morphology of branching
networks in vines and trees, and the spatial organization of vegetation
at landscape scales (Lecture 2). Outstanding challenges include mechanistic
and boundary condition descriptions of specific processes, the need to
accommodate multiple spatial and temporal scales that do not lend themselves
to statistical treatment and the self-referential nature of evolution itself.
=======Short Bio ==========
Dr. Gabriel G. Katul received his B.E. degree in 1988 at the American University
of Beirut (Beirut, Lebanon). He received his M.S. degree in 1990 at Oregon
State University (Corvallis, OR) and his Ph.D degree in 1993 at the University
of California in Davis (Davis, CA). He is currently a distinguished professor
of hydrology and micrometeorology at the Nicholas School of the Environment
and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University
(Durham, NC). He served as an associate editor for Advances in Water Resources
(1998-present), Boundary Layer Meteorology (1998-present), Water Resources
Research (2004-2009), the Vadoze zone journal (2000-2003) and is currently
serving as one of the four editors-in-chief for Advances in Water Resources
(2011-2014). He was a visiting fellow of the Commonwealth Science and Industrial
Research Organization (Australia) in 2002, the Department of Physics at
University of Helsinki (Finland) in 2009, a FulBright-Italy Distinguished
Fellow in 2010, and a visiting fellow at the Ecole polytechnique federale
de Lausanne (Switzerland) in 2013. He also received several honorary awards,
including an honorary certificate by La Seccion de Agrofisica de la Sociedad
Cubana de Fisica in Habana, Cuba (in 1998), editor’s citation for excellence
in refereeing from the American Geophysical Union (in 2008). He received
the Macelwane medal (in 2002) and become an elected fellow of the American
Geophysical Union in the same year. In 2012, he received the Hydrologic
Science Award from the American Geophysical Union. He served as the Secretary
General for the Hydrologic Science Section at American Geophysical Union
(in 2006 to 2008). He authored more than 285 peer-reviewed manuscripts
on mass, energy, and momentum exchange processes near the land-atmosphere
interface.
FEFCO企画会議
2014年1月29日 10:30 - 11:30に、FEFCO始動に向けて企画会議を行いました。議事録はこちらをご覧ください。
〒606-8502
京都市左京区北白川追分町
京都大学農学研究科内
（代表：北島 薫）
TEL:075-753-6360
kaoruk(at)kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp